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US, Wi d 

32d Congress, > SENATE. 5 Executive, 

2d Session. \ t No. 59. 



REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION 



DOWN THE 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 



BY 



CAPTAIN L. SITGREAVES, 

CORP3 TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS. 



ACCOMPANIED BY MAPS, SKETCHES, VIEWS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



WASHINGTON: 

ROBERT ARMSTRONG, PUBLIC PRINTER. 

1853. 



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REPORT 



THE SECRETARY OP WAR, 

COMMUNICATING, 

In compliance with a resolution of the Senate, the Report of an Expe- 
dition doivn the Zufd and Colorado rivers, by Captain Sitgreaves. 



February 15, 1853. — Referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. 

March 3, 1853. — Ordered to be printed; and that 2,000 extra copies be printed, 

200 of which for Captain Sitgreaves. 



War Department, 

Washington, Feb. 12, 1853. 
Sir : In compliance with the Senate resolution of the 28th July last, 
I have the honor to transmit herewith the Report "of the Expedition 
down the Zuni and the Colorado, under the command of Captain Sit- 
greaves, of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, and of the maps 
belonging thereto; also, the sketches and views and illustrations of 
Indian customs." 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

C. M. CONRAD, 

Secretary of War. 
Hon. D. R. Atchison, 

President of the Senate. 



4 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Bureau of Topographical Engineers, 

Washington, Feb. 1, 1853. 
Sir : I have the honor to submit the Report of the Expedition down 
the Zuni and the Colorado, under Captain Sitgreaves, of the Corps of 
Topographical Engineers, called for by a resolution of the Senate of 
July last. 

Respectfully, sir, your obedient servant, 

J. J. ABERT, 
Colonel Corps Top. Engineers. 
Hon. C. M. Conrad, 

Secretary of War. 



Washington, February 7, 1853. 

Sir : I have the honor to submit the accompanying map of the route 
explored by me from the pueblo of Zuni, New Mexico, to Camp Yuma, 
on the Colorado of the West, under instructions from you, of which 
the following is an extract : 

" The river Zuni is represented on good authority to empty into the 
Colorado, and it has been partially explored by Lieutenant Simpson to 
the pueblo of Zuni. You will therefore go to that place, which will be, in 
fact, the commencing point of your exploring labors. From the pueblo 
of Zuni you will pursue the Zuni to its junction with the Colorado, de- 
termining its course and character, particularly in reference to its navi- 
gable properties, and to the character of its adjacent land and produc- 
tions. The junction of the Zuni and Colorado will be accurately deter- 
mined. You will then pursue the Colorado to its junction with the 
Gulf of California, taking those observations which will enable you 
accurately to delineate its course." 

The party was organized at Santa Fe, and consisted of Lieutenant J. 
G. Parke, Topographical Engineers ; S. W. Woodhouse, M. D., physi- 
cian and naturalist ; Mr. R. H. Kern, draughtsman ; Mr. Antoine Leroux, 
guide; five Americans and ten Mexicans as packers and arrieros. 

As many mules as could be procured in time, suitable for the purpose, 
were purchased ; but these not being sufficient, the assistant quarter- 
master at Santa Fe furnished me, on my requisition, with forty additional 
ones, with pack-saddles, &c. A portion of the provisions for the party 
were obtained from the assistant commissary of subsistence at the same 
place. 

The commanding officer in New Mexico being about to make an 



ZTjNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 5 

expedition against the Navajos, directed me to await his departure, so 
as to take advantage of the protection afforded by his command as far 
as our routes coincided, or until he could detach a proper escort for my 
party. The troops assembled at Santo Domingo, on the Rio Grande, 
and took up their inarch thence on the 1st August. On the 1st Sep- 
tember we arrived at the pueblo of Zuni, the point at which my explo- 
ration was to commence. 

Colonel Sumner had detailed for the escort Brevet Major H. L. Ken- 
drick, 2d Artillery, with thirty men of his company, but they were not 
detached until after they had accompanied him to Canon Bonito, three 
days' journey farther into the Navajo country. I was thus compelled 
to wait at Zuni until the 24th September, consuming in the mean time 
part of the limited supplies provided for the expedition. The mules 
likewise suffered from the delay, for there was scarcely any grazing in 
the immediate vicinity of the pueblo, and I did not deem it prudent to 
send them to a distance, as small parties of Navajos had been seen 
lurking in the neighborhood. The mules of Major Kendrick's command 
were still more unfit to undertake a difficult march, many of them 
having been taken out of wagons after a journey of several weeks' 
duration. 

I can add very little to the information afforded by the map, almost 
the entire country traversed being barren, and without general interest. 
Observations with the sextant were made as often as occasion served ; 
and the latitude and longitude of as many points determined as are 
necessary to establish the line of march with sufficient accuracy. Col- 
lections were made of such objects of natural history as could be trans- 
ported with our limited facilities. Their description will be found in 
the reports hereto appended. 

The expedition set out from Zuni the 24th September. The incidents 
of the journey are detailed in the following extracts from my journal : 

September 24, Camp No. 1. — Our first day's march was only six 
miles. It was made thus short to enable us to correct any defects that 
might be discovered in the arrangement of the packs. 

The Zuni is a mere rivulet, and not entitled to the name of river; in 
most parts of our country it would not be dignified with that of creek. 
The corn-fields of the Zuni Indians extended at intervals for several 
miles down the stream, their crops and orchards being planted on the 
edge of the valley, or in the fertile gorges of the mountains. The only 
cultivation in the immediate vicinity of the pueblo consisted of small 
vegetable gardens, tended by the women and watered by hand, in which 



D REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

were grown chiefly onions, beans, and chile.* Their orchards produce 
good peaches, with which we were abundantly supplied during our stay 
at the village. 

September 25, Camp No. 2. — A well-beaten trail, following the gen- 
eral direction of the stream, enabled us to avoid the inconvenience of 
travelling over ground rendered soft and miry hy the recent rains. We 
encamped on the banks of the creek, near some abrupt rocks, from be- 
neath which gushes out a fine spring. Fragments of pack-saddles and 
broken boxes gave evidence of a former encampment of white men, 
probably of the party of Lieutenant Thorn, who escorted Mr. Collier to 
California in 1849. 

September 26, Camp No. 3. — The valley is here shut in by abrupt 
walls of gray sandstone, occasionally mixed with basalt, having frequent 
springs running out from under them ; but farther down it expands to 
several miles in width, other valleys opening into it. The faces of the 
sandstone rocks, wherever they presented a smooth surface, were cov- 
ered with Indian hieroglyphics, or pictures, carved or painted upon 
them. 

The bed of the stream becoming dry, we crossed the point of a pre- 
cipitous basaltic ridge, and, keeping on the slope of the hills bounding 
the valley to the north, encamped on a little channel filled with muddy 
rain-water in the middle of a miry plain. The soil on the hills was 
sandy, and in the plain, of sand mixed with clay ; in both cases yielding 
to the foot. 

September 27, Camp No. 4. — Just after leaving camp a small party 
of Indians came in sight, who proved to be Coyoteros, (Apaches,) driv- 
ing some asses to Zuni for the purpose of trade. One among them was 
evidently a Mexican, captured probably in childhood, for he spoke but 
few words of Spanish. 

The well-marked trail we had hitherto followed brought us at length 
to the Little Colorado, which it crosses, continuing on south to the Salt 
River, a tributary of the Gila. 

At this point the Little Colorado is an insignificant stream, divided 
into several small channels, flowing through a narrow valley destitute 
of timber, but covered with a thick growth of rank unnutritious grass. 
The hills bounding it on either side are of gradual slope, with here and 

* Since the establishment of the military post at Canon Bonito, and the conse- 
quent pacification of the Navajos, the amount of cultivation has greatly increased. 
During the past season the Zufii Indians had some ten thousand acres in corn, and 
the Moquis a still greater quantity. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 7 

there a rocky point, of a conglomerate of gray sandstone and pebbles 
jutting out into the bottom. 

September 28, Camp No. 5. — Proceeding down the valley, it 
widens out into a broad plain, which the recent profuse rains had made 
soft and muddy. To avoid this we turned off from the river, and made 
our way across the high land, but gained little by the exchange, for the 
soil was so light and thinly covered with grass that the mules sank to 
their fetlocks at every step. The ground was strewed with pebbles of 
agate, jasper, and chalcedony, and masses of what appeared to have 
been stumps of trees petrified into jasper, beautifully striped with bright 
shades of red, (the predominating color,) blue, white, and yellow. The 
rocks were gray sandstone, sometimes of a slaty structure. 

September 30, Camp No. 1. — The river here runs through a deep 
and rocky canon, which we skirted, and crossed below it to the south 
bank, finding the ground much broken by ravines, which were only 
visible when we came directly upon them. The surrounding scenery 
resembled that of the northwestern prairies, the country being bare of 
trees and the horizon unbroken, except in one direction, where a high 
conical peak, that had served us several days as a landmark, varied the 
uniformity of its outline. 

October- 1, Camp No. 8. — The river, winding to the north, gave us 
a straight course across the high land, soft and sandy, as usual, and fre- 
quently intersected by deep ravines, until we again encountered it, 
flowing now between bluff sandy banks fringed with cotton-wood trees, 
and presenting at length the appearance of a river, but still with little 
water in its bed. I remarked cropping out of the side of a bluff a 
seam of fibrous gypsum three or four inches thick. In the course of 
the day's march the San Francisco mountains became visible to the 
west, and to the north several singular volcanic peaks. 

October 2, Camp No. 9. — The river here receives a tributary known 
among trappers as Chevelon's Fork, from one of that name who died 
upon its banks from eating some poisonous root. Their confluence pro- 
duces an intricate labyrinth of sloughs, in which we became involved, 
and were forced to encamp, not finding an outlet until late in the day. 
In several places veins of fibrous gypsum were seen, looking like the 
ice-crystals that burst open the ground in spring. 

October 3, Camp No. 10. — Our course was here interrupted by a 
deep bayou thickly overgrown with rushes, and which, on attempting 
to turn it, was found to lead to a rocky ravine or canon utterly impass- 
able. We retraced our steps, therefore, and with much difficulty 



8 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

recrossed the river, which, making a bend to the north, winds through 
a broad plain resembling the bed of a great lagoon from which the water 
had just subsided, leaving it slimy and intersected with fissures and 
channels that often impeded our progress. Here and there only a bush 
of the wild sage dotted its surface, and the surrounding hills appeared 
equally destitute of vegetation. 

October 5, Camp No. 12. — The country on the north bank pre- 
senting the same appearance of desolation as far as the eye could dis- 
cern, we again crossed the river, and, passing on to higher ground, en- 
camped on a bayou near the edge of the valley. The grass upon the 
hills was invariably better and more abundant than on the river bot- 
tom, but the absence of wood and water in such places generally 
obliged us to make our camps near the river. The mules, particularly 
those of Major Kendrick's command, already began to show signs of 
fatigue, and their backs to become galled by the saddles. 

The army pack-saddle is of excellent materials and workmanship, but 
is defective in form. Its shape should approach more nearly to that 
of the riding-saddle, so as to provide against a change in the condition 
of the animal. A saddle may answer very well for a horse or mule in 
good condition, which will injure the back when the animal becomes 
lean or changes from a grain to an exclusive grass diet. Lieutenant 
Colonel Johnston informed me that he was in the habit of using with 
good results the common Texas tree, provided with the necessary rings 
and straps. A good pack-saddle is still a desideratum in the service. 

October 7, Camp No. 13. — Many precipitous canons were passed, 
enclosing within their walls of yellow sandstone clumps of small cotton- 
wood trees. Ridges of lava and a black dust, the detritus of the lava, 
overing the ground in many places, indicated our approach to a vol- 
canic region. BTear our camp, on the bank of the river, were the ruins 
of several stone houses, which the guide, Mr. Leroux, said resembled 
those of the Moqui Indians. 

October 8, Camp No. 14. — About a mile below the last camp the 
river falls over a succession of horizontal ledges of sandstone, forming 
a beautiful cascade of one hundred to one hundred and twenty feet in 
vertical height, and continues on its course through a canon of that 
depth, the general level of the banks remaining the same. 

Having been informed by my guide and other experienced trappers 
that this canon extends down the river to its junction with the Colo- 
rado, and the great canon through which the latter flows, I regarded 
the attempt to follow the river to its mouth as too hazardous, consider- 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 9 

ing the condition of the animals and the state of the supplies, and 
therefore, by the advice of the guide, turned off towards the mountains, 
with the purpose of striking the Colorado below the great canon; and 
then exploring it upward as far as might be found practicable. Leaving 
the river then, we passed along the base of high table lands, the lava- 
sand lying several inches deep upon the ground, rilling up the hollows, 
and forming ridges across the plain ; and, ascending the plateau, found 
it also covered with the lava detritus, and all the prominent points oc- 
cupied by the ruins of stone houses of considerable size, and in some 
instauces of three stories in height. They are evidently the remains of 
a large town, as they occurred at intervals for an extent of eight or 
nine miles, and the ground was thickly strewed with fragments of pot- 
tery in all directions. The fact that no vestige of water could be dis- 
covered in the vicinity sufficiently accounts for their present depopulation. 
The encroachment of the lava-sand blown down from the adjacent 
mountains may have gradually filled up the springs and water-courses ; 
it is certain, at any rate, that the heaviest rains would now be rapidly 
absorbed by it, and after a day or two leave no trace of water upon the 
surface. 

The houses resemble in all respects (except that adobes do not appear 
to have been at all used in their construction) those of the existing 
pueblos of New Mexico ; and the pottery, of a great variety of fabric 
and pa'ttern, is similar to that now in use among them. 

October 9, Camp No. 15. — Pursuing our way still farther into the 
mountains, the ruins became of rarer occurrence, or else were concealed 
by the cedars with which the hills were covered. A small pool of 
water was discovered under an overhanging rock, out of which the 
men as they came up filled their canteens ; and, as the water was not 
thereby sensibly diminished, it was supposed to have its source in some 
concealed reservoir, and that it would be possible in the course of the 
day to water all the animals. We should then, moreover, have been 
able to hold a more direct course, having diverged towards the mount- 
ains in the expectation of finding water. The camp was scarcely 
pitched, however, when it was reported that the spring was rapidly be- 
coming exhausted, and Mr. Leroux was therefore sent, with the mules 
and half of the men, in search of water, the rest remaining in camp to 
protect the supplies. He did not return until late in the night, and re- 
ported that he had come upon a large encampment of Yampai or Tonto 
Indians on the edge of a deep ravine, through which ran a stream, 
which he supposed to be the headwaters of the San Francisco, a tribu- 



10 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

tary of Salt River. The women and children, engaged in gathering 
piiiones, (pine-nuts,) fled at his approach ; while the men held them- 
selves aloof, and refused to parley with him or meet his friendly advances. 
He was compelled, therefore, to return as he went, not venturing to 
drive the mules into the ravine, and thus give the Indians an opportu- 
nity of attacking him at disadvantage. I regretted that he had suf- 
fered his men to take from the lodges sundry articles of value to the 
Indians. Among these were some admirably made baskets, of so close 
a texture as to hold water ; a wicker-jar, coated with pine-tree gum ; a 
large quantity of pinones and grass-seed; some bread, made of the 
mezquit bean ; a cake of mezcal, (a preparation of the maguey ;) and 
pieces of a substance that had all the appearance of chalk ; but as it 
did not effervesce with acids, was probably an exceedingly pure variety 
of kaolin. 

October 10, Camp No. 15. — The mules, having now been two days 
without water, were, as the last resource, sent back to the river, taking 
with them some kegs and India-rubber water-bags with which I had 
fortunately provided myself. They returned in the evening, less three 
of their number lost by the way, but bringing back an abundant supply 
of water. In the course of the preceding night, by watching by the 
spring and dipping up the water by the spoonful as it trickled out, 
enough had been obtained to furnish each person with a cup of coffee. 

October 11, Camp No. 16. — As we ascended the mountain the 
cedar gave place to the nut-bearing pine ; and this, when near the sum- 
mit, to a pine of larger growth with long leaves. Herds of antelope 
were seen in all directions, but they kept to the open country, and were 
shy and difficult to approach. 

October 12, Camp No. 11. — The ascent of the mountain was con- 
tinued, with the greatest anxiety as to the result of the day's journey ; 
for the mules had drunk but once in more than four days, and the coun- 
try showed no indications of water in any direction. There was much 
beauty in some of the glades and mountain glens we passed. The 
ground was covered with fresh grass and well timbered with tall pines, 
mingled, after attaining a certain altitude, with aspens of a brilliant 
yellow. 

Crossing the summit we descended gradually to the brow of a preci- 
pice overlooking a green vale of five or six miles in extent, but with no 
appearance of water, and commenced the descent, picking our way with 
difficulty among the loose rocks, in the belief that there we should be 
compelled to abandon most of our animals. When half-way down, a 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 11 

shot from one of the Mexicans on the flank inspired ns with hope, for 
it was the signal fixed upon to notify the discovery of water ; but still 
I observed nothing to warrant it; and it was not until we had reached 
the bottom of the cliff that I discerned a narrow thread of grass and 
weeds, greener and ranker than the surrounding growth, winding out 
from a little nook, and losing itself in the plain. It proved to be a 
spring of delicious water ; and thus providentially terminated our fears 
and anxieties for the time. 

October 13, Camp No. 17. — It was necessary to halt here for a day 
or two to rest the mules and have them reshod. The feet of the sheep, 
too, had become sore and worn out ; and at the suggestion of a Mexi- 
can, my mayordomo, the cracks in them were filled, by means of a hot 
iron, with resin and pine-tree gum, by which operation the animals ap- 
peared much relieved. Mr. Leroux reconnoitred the route ahead, and 
found water in several places ten or twelve miles distant. He again 
surprised a few lodges of Indians, who fled, leaving their effects behind 
them. This time he did not permit his men to pilfer, but, on the con- 
trary, left at the lodges a small present of tobacco, handkerchiefs, and 
knives, for the purpose of conciliating the Indians, and inducing them 
to hold some intercourse with us, by which means we hoped to obtain 
useful information in regard to the route. The only provisions found 
in the lodges were piiiones and the grass-seed before mentioned. 

The box chronometer had been carried in a pannier, carefully packed 
in wool, and placed on the steadiest mule of the atajo, which was 
always led by the halter; but it was nevertheless found to have stopped, 
from the roughness of the last day's journey. Independent observations 
were therefore made for the longitude, the pocket chronometer not hav- 
ing sufficient regularity to be depended on. 

During the night we were alarmed by a stampede of the mules. For- 
tunately they ran into a gorge near the camp, from which there was 
but the one outlet, and we succeeded in quieting them. The cause of 
their fright was made apparent by the roaring of a panther, or other 
large animal, in uncomfortable proximity to the herd. 

October 15, Camp No. 18. — Our route lay across plains of gentle 
slope. Mingled with the pines were a few small post-oaks; and in a 
green glade was found some white clover of a different variety from that 
common in the States. Flowers and birds were more numerous than 
upon the northern slopes of the mountain, but no fragments of pottery 
or other signs of habitation were seen. Our camp was upon the dry 
bed of a lagoon, a mile in extent, having some small pools of water 



12 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

hidden among the tall grass, from which our arrival put up a large 
flight of water-fowl, crows, arid smaller birds. When approaching the 
mountains I had been struck with a singular incandescent appearance 
which some of the higher slopes presented when the sun was near the 
horizon. This I found to be caused by a bright, yellow-colored grass, 
having the extremities of the blades tipped with red by the action of 
the frost. It looked fresh, but the animals preferred the shorter kind, 
which grew upon the ridges and among the pines. 

October 16, Camp No. 18. — We were detained at this camp by the 
illness of one of the party, a Mexican, from a blow on the head received 
some days previously. He died on the 25th, and was buried at the foot 
of a large pine tree, marked with a cross. The delay afforded our jaded 
animals the rest they so much needed, but also consumed a portion of 
the supplies of which we were afterwards in great want. The bacon 
had lost much in weight from the effect of the hot sun, and the issues 
at this place nearly exhausted the supply. About twenty sheep, in poor 
condition, remained, and formed our sole dependence, with the excep- 
tion of some meat-biscuit, the excellence of which had not then been 
tested. It is an admirable preparation, and should form a large pro- 
portion of the supplies for all similar expeditions. Although antelope 
and black-tailed deer were abundant, and the fresh tracks of bears were 
occasionally seen, our hunters, some of them experienced and expert, 
had not been successful in supplying us with game. The daily variation 
of the temperature was remarkable, the average range in twenty-four 
hours being about 55° Fahrenheit, or from 10° to 65°. Near the sum- 
mit of one of the adjacent hills were the traces of old excavations, 
made apparently in search of the precious metals, but the surrounding 
formation gave no indications of their existence. Similar remains were 
observed near Camp No. 16. 

October 21, Camp No. 19. — Occasional patches of white clover 
were again met with, and the singular cedar first seen when crossing 
the Zuni mountains. The trunk is large and low, with wide-spreading 
branches, and the bark, several inches thick, is corrugated like that of 
the oak. The camp overlooked a wild and picturesque canon. Tall 
pines, oaks, and the low, spreading cedar were mingled so as to produce 
a park-like effect, heightened by glimpses through the vistas of the 
sheep and mules grazing on the rich grama grass that grew up among 
and concealed the sharp, black fragments of trap that covered the 
ground. 

A Mexican who left camp on the 19th to hunt for game, had not 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 13 

returned when we set out ; and as our frequent search for him had been 
unsuccessful, it was feared that he had fallen into the hands of the 
Yampais. At sunset, however, on driving the animals to water in the 
canon, he was discovered sitting on a rock, picking a rib of venison. 
He had lost himself and become bewildered, wandering about for three 
days without water or food ; for, although he had killed a deer, he had 
not ventured to eat for fear of rendering his thirst insupportable, until 
he found himself at the spring near Camp 17, from which place he had 
been guided by the trail of the party until he overtook us. 

October 23, Camp No. 21. — Keeping along the side of the mount- 
ain in the hope of meeting with water, we got into a succession of 
deep and steep ravines ; but, rinding them dry, bore more to the south, 
and descended into the bed of a small stream, called by trappers Bill 
Williams's Fork, in which were a few pools containing sufficient water 
for the supply of the party. As we descended the pines became of 
smaller growth, with here and there cedars, scrub-oaks, locusts, and the 
Fallugia paradoxa, described in Major Emory's report. 

October 24, Camp No. 22. — Leaving behind us the mountains and 
the stream, whose course was too much to the southward, we struck 
out west across the plain. The ground was much broken by precipitous 
ravines, in one of which were seen masses of porphyry and quartz, the 
only exceptions to the usual trap we had met since reaching the mount- 
ains. 

October 25, Camp No. 23. — In the course of the day we passed a 
few groves of the common cedar, the only tree to be seen. The grass, 
of good quality, was parched with the continued drought, and the soil, 
loose and dry as ashes, gave little hope of finding water. 

October 26, Camp No. 24. — At daylight it was discovered that a 
dozen mules were missing. Their tracks showed that they had gone 
back upon our trail, and some men were despatched to recover them ; 
while the rest of the party pursued their journey across a rocky ridge 
thickly overgrown with cedars, whose low branches, frequently sweep- 
ing off a pack, rendered the march slow and laborious. When we 
stopped to rest in the middle of the day the animals, overcome with 
thirst and fatigue, refused to graze, and huddled together under the 
shade of the trees. Before resuming the march, a gourd of water and 
some bread were left for the men who had been sent back in search of 
the missing mules ; and, after a march of seven miles farther, we en- 
camped the third night without water. 

October 27, Camp No. 25. — A few hours after setting out, fresh 



14 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

signs of Indians began to make their appearance, and increased as we 
advanced, in frequency and numbers, until we came upon a well-marked 
and newly-made trail, leading to the northward of our course, but into 
which we turned in the hope of its leading us to water. Having pur- 
sued it in silence a few miles, we surprised a party of ten or twelve of 
the most wretched looking Indians I have ever seen, naked, and appar- 
ently almost starved. They all fled, except an old man and a woman, 
whom we attempted to conciliate with some presents; but were not 
successful in allaying their fears, although the man finally undertook to 
direct us to water. The mules were therefore unpacked and sent off 
under his guidance. He conducted them to two small springs in a 
rocky gorge, some ten miles distant; but, in their eagerness to drink, 
the ground was soon trp^pled into a mere mass of mud, so that very 
few were enabled to quench their thirst. The Indian watched his op- 
portunity, when not observed, to slip from his mule and escape among 
the rocks ; but as he had performed the only service we required of 
him, no attempt was made to retake him. 

October 28, Camp No. 26. — As there was no other alternative, the 
camp was removed to the vicinity of the springs and the men set to 
work at clearing them out. By this means, and leading two or three 
at a time to water, in the course of this and the following day a small 
quantity was obtained for each animal, barely enough to keep them 
alive, but not enough to allay their thirst, as their refusal to eat and 
plaintive cries too clearly proved. 

The continued absence of the men who had been sent back on the 
26th upon the tracks of the missing mules created great fears for their 
safety, or lest they had returned to Zuni ; and their arrival there, it was 
apprehended, would give rise to unfavorable rumors in regard to the 
party. Our anxiety was relieved, however, by their reappearance in camp. 
They had succeeded in finding the mules and bringing them within 
a day's march of camp, when half the number had again made their 
escape. During their absence of four days the men had suffered much 
from hunger and thirst, having taken but one day's rations with them, 
and being without water, except a small gourd full that one of them 
had been provident enough to conceal before setting out. The bread 
and water we had left for them, though placed conspicuously in the 
middle of our trail, had not been discovered by them, and was probably 
carried off by the Indians. 

A party sent out to reconnoitre brought back the gratifying intelli- 
gence that twelve miles in advance was a small stream of running water 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 15 

and an abundance of tolerable grass. A band of Yampais were found 
encamped upon it, from whom Mr. Leroux learned that the numerous 
trails we had observed for the last two or three days united and led to 
the country of the Mohaves, and that their camp was but one day's 
journey from the river. 

// October 30, Camp No. 27. — This rivulet, which I have called the 
Yampai, has its source in three small springs ; it is repeatedly lost in 
the ground within a distance of half a mile ; after which it disappears 
entirely. A few willow and cotton-wood trees grow upon its banks, 
and green grass was here seen for the first time since leaving the San 
Francisco mountains. Here, too, we enjoyed the luxury of a bath and 
clean clothes — a luxury not fully appreciable by those who have not 
gone a week without water to wash even the 1 '" faces and hands. 

November 1, Camp No. 28. — In the morning one of the sentinels 
discovered an Indian lurking about the mules, and brought him into 
camp. He called himself a " Cojnino" was well clothed in shirt, leg- 
gins, and moccasins of buckskin, and his hair bound up behind into a 
queue, after the manner of the Pueblo Indians. A long hair-rope 
wound around his waist gave unmistakable evidence of his designs upon 
our mules. After a short time several others made their appearance 
upon a neighboring hill, and were induced by signs to approach the 
camp ; but, when within two hundred yards, the first one sprang up and 
darted from the midst of a dozen men who were standing around him, 
wielding an arrow drawn from his quiver to prevent their approach, and 
calling out loudly to his companions, who immediately turned and fled, 
discharging their arrows into the herd and killing three of the mules. 
The men were then ordered to fire upon them, which they did without 
any apparent effect, although traces of blood upon the rocks showed 
afterwards that one at least had been wounded. 

November 2, Camp No. 29.— We kept down the valley of the Yam- 
pai some twelve miles, when, finding that its course was out of our 
most direct route, we diverged from it across a wide barren plain, and 
encamped without water, grass, or wood, the only fuel being the with- 
ered cacti with which the plain abounded. 

A naked escarpment on the side of the creek showed a stratum of 
granite, containing a great deal of feldspar, underlying the trap, and a 
whitish feldspathic rock enclosing nodules of chalcedony. The rest of 
the country only exhibited the usual volcanic formation. 

November 3, Camp No. 30. — Directly in our front was a bold range 
of mountains, from the top of which we were sanguine of seeing the 



16 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Colorado. "We entered a rugged and difficult pass, between cliffs and 
pinnacles of gneiss, and attained the summit after a long and fatiguing 
ascent and the loss of several mules that gave out by the way, to be 
again disappointed in beholding, instead of the river, another extensive, 
and desolate plain, and beyond it a similar formidable looking mountain 
range. 

While halting to rest the mules and endeavor to bring up those that 
were left on the road, Mr. LerVux turned off to ascend a higher peak, 
affording a more extended view of the country ahead ; and, passing by 
a cluster of rocks, received the discharge of a flight of arrows from a 
concealed party of Indians. Three of the arrows took effect, inflicting 
severe wounds in the head and wrist, which caused him much suffering 
and disabled him for the rest of the journey. The Indians were driven 
from rock to rock, but always contrived to keep out of rifle range; and, 
after the pursuit was abandoned as fruitless, they returned as near as 
their safety would permit, watching our movements and making ges- 
tures of rage and defiance. When the march was resumed they fol- 
lowed for a short distance, approaching near enough to discharge some 
arrows, without effect, at the rear of the party. They were similarly 
clad and appeared to be of the same tribe as those last seen ; some of 
the men, indeed, thought they recognised the one who had been in our 
camp two days before. 

November 4, Camp No. 31. — Many trees of the Spanish bayonet, 
scattered over the plain, varied the scene somewhat, but gave no relief 
to its aspect of barrenness; and another night passed without grass or 
water, added to the sufferings of the nearly exhausted animals. 

November 5, Camp No. 32. — The approach to the mountains, before 
alluded to, was by a gradual ascent, so that when we arrived at their 
base, there did not remain much to be overcome. The pass was never- 
theless exceedingly rough, and bordered by overhanging crags, which 
it was deemed prudent to occupy before advancing with the atajo. We 
passed through, however, unmolested, and were at length cheered by 
the view of the Colorado, winding far below through a broad valley, its 
course for many miles being apparent from the large trees upon its 
banks. The smoke of numerous fires in the valley gave evidence of a 
large Indian population, and the sight brought a spontaneous cheer from 
the men, who believed that this was to be the end of their privations 
and of the labors and anxieties of the journey. 
" The barometer showed us to be about 3,200 feet above the river. 
The descent to it was rapid and continuous, the slope of the mountain 
reaching almost to its banks. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 17 

A small travelling party of miserable looking Indians was met as- 
cending the mountain; one of whom being too much frightened, or too 
heavily laden to escape, was interrogated by signs ; but no information 
could be obtained from his real or affected stupidity. 

At this point the river was two hundred and sixty-six yards wide, 
with six feet of water in. the deepest part; the banks bluff and sandy, 
about twelve feet high, and the current rapid ; but a dense growth of 
willows and weeds prevented me from measuring its velocity with any 
degree of accuracy. The presence of water seemed to afford the only 
relief from our former privations; for the soil, an almost impalpable 
sand, bore nothing but dry weeds and bushes, and the whole scene 
presented the most perfect picture of desolation I have ever beheld, as 
if some sirocco had passed over the land, withering and scorching every 
thing to crispness. 

From this point I had designed to explore the river upward to the 
great canon, and determine accurately the mouth of the Rio Virgen, 
one of its largest tributaries; but the exhausted condition of the ani- 
mals and scanty supply of provisions (the party having been already 
several days on reduced rations) compelled me reluctantly to forego 
my purpose. 

The whole country traversed from the San Francisco mountains was 
barren and devoid of interest. It consists of a succession of mountain 
ranges and desert plains, the latter having an average height of about 
5,000 feet above the level of the ocean. The larger growth, almost 
exclusively of cedar, was confined to the mountains ; and the scanty 
vegetation of the plains, parched by a long drought, furnished few spe- 
cimens for the botanist. 

November 7, Camp No. 33. — A well-worn trail leads down the river, 
by the side of which in several places were found traced on the ground. 
Indian hieroglyphics, which Mr. Leroux and a Mexican of the party, 
who had passed many years among the Comanches, interpreted into 
warnings to us to turn back, and threats against our penetrating farther 
into the country. We had not gone far before Indians were seen in 
front in considerable numbers, who appeared to be assembling to dispute 
om* advance. By the exchange of friendly signs, three of them, mounted 
on fine horses, were induced to approach, whom a few presents sufficed 
to convince of our peac3n.1l intentions ; and they joined the party, and 
accompanied its march. As we proceeded their number received acces- 
sions at every step, until it amounted to some two hundred men, women, 
and children, who followed on foot, running by the side of the mules, 



18 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

and talking and laughing with every appearance of friendship. In the 
evening the camp was crowded with them, bringing in for barter small 
quantities of pumpkins, beans, corn, and, in one or two instances, of 
wheat, which seem to be the staples of their food, for no animals, 
except a few horses, were seen among them ; and the few sheep we had 
left were the objects of great admiration, especially to the women. 

The appearance of the Mohaves is striking, from their unusual sta- 
ture, the men averaging at least six feet in height; and their stalwart 
find athletic figures offered a convincing proof of the excellence of a 
vegetable diet. Almost all the men were naked, with the exception of 
the breech-cloth. The hair, cut square across the brows in front, hung 
in loose braids behind, reaching frequently as low as the waist ; occa- 
sionally it was matted on the top of the head into a compact mass with 
mud, for the purpose of destroying the vermin that infest them. The 
only garment worn by the women was a long fringe of strips of willow- 
bark wound around the waist, and falling as low as the knees. No 
covering to the feet was worn by either sex. Their arms are the bow 
and arrow, the spear and the club. The arrow is formed of two pieces — 
that to which the barb is attached, of hard wood, seven inches long, or 
one-fourth the entire length ; and the other of a light reed that grows 
profusely along the banks of the river, feathered, as usual, at the ex- 
tremity. The custom still prevails among them of carrying a firebrand 
in the hand in cold weather, which is mentioned in the account of 
Coronado's expedition in 1540, and induced those discoverers to give to 
the river the name of Rio del Tizon. Their lodges are rectangular, 
formed of upright posts imbedded in the ground, and rudely thatched 
on the top and three sides; a portion of the interior altitude being 
sometimes obtained by excavation. I saw none of so great a size as 
those described in the account just referred to. 

November 8, Camp No. 34. — A large crowd of men, women, and 
children continued to follow us, many of them carrying beans and 
pumpkins, and all urgent for us to encamp among them, for the pur- 
pose, as they gave us to understand, of trading. I was myself anxious 
to obtain supplies from them ; but their numbers and importunity had 
been so troublesome the day before, that it was resolved to exclude them 
from the camp, and to adopt some plan which should free us from a 
repetition of the annoyance. Before unpacking the mules, therefore 
a chain of sentinels was placed around them, with instructions to pre- 
vent the entrance of the Indians, and places were designated on the 
outside where they might hold their market. This arrangement gave 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 19 

great dissatisfaction, and did not fully answer the purpose intended ; for 
many eluded the vigilance of the sentinels, or took advantage of their 
negligence, and the camp was soon again filled with them. A large 
number were observed to have arms ; and the fact that no chiefs had 
presented themselves, notwithstanding our frequent demands for them, 
was regarded as suspicious, and calling for all possible vigilance. The 
retreat was therefore sounded, and the Indians ejected from camp, which 
was accomplished with difficulty, and hardly without the use of vio- 
lence. They left us with scowling faces, and some old women were 
vociferous with what we supposed to be their threats and denuncia- 
tions. 
m 

November 9, Camp No. 35. — -While preparing for our departure 
before daylight, Dr. Woodhouse, who was warming himself by the fire, 
received an arrow through the leg, fortunately without doing him much 
injury. Several others were thrown into the camp and among the 
mules, but the darkness caused them to fall harmless. The sentinels, 
however, were thrown farther out, and we got under way without fur- 
ther annoyance, numbers following us with yells of defiance, but taking- 
care to keep at a respectful distance. 

Some days after (on the 16th) we came upon another large settle- 
ment of Indians, who represented themselves to be Yumas, and met us 
with assurances of friendship. One of them, who spoke Spanish toler- 
ably well, informed us that we were about eight days' journey from the 
Gila, and that there was a military post near its mouth, and described 
accurately the persons of the officers whom we knew to have been sta- 
tioned there. They were without provisions, living upon the fruit of the 
mezquit and tornilla trees, and seemed to have recently located them- 
selves upon the spot. I was convinced of the sincerity of their profes- 
sions, and distributed some presents among their old men ; but we did 
not relax our customary vigilance, excluding them from the camp, and 
keeping a few men constantly under arms. The utility of the precau- 
tion was soon made apparent ; for about the middle of the following 
day, as the advance of the party were engaged in unpacking the mules 
to give them their accustomed noon rest, a band of fifty or sixty Indians, 
approaching under cover of a thicket, fell upon a soldier of the escort 
who had lagged in the rear, and, having disabled him with an arrow 
wound in the elbow, despatched him with their clubs ; following it up 
by a general attack upon the party, in which they displayed much bold- 
ness, advancing within easy arrow range, and maintaining their ground 
against the fire of our rifles and musketoons for some fifteen minutes, 



20 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

when they were beaten off with loss, leaving four dead upon the ground, 
and carrying off several wounded. They possessed themselves of the 
musketoon of the soldier they had killed, but showed themselves un- 
skilled in its use, firing it off several times at a distance of half a mile. 

Our progress down the river, though heralded by signal fires as we 
advanced, was continued without further molestation. Numbers of the 
mules gave out daily for the want of food, until we were driven to the 
necessity of destroying all the spare saddles, blankets, tents, ammuni- 
tion, books, and whatever was not absolutely essential to our safety. 
Our provisions, too, became exhausted; and the mules, the poorest of 
which were daily killed for the purpose, supplied our only food Until the 
30th November, when we arrived with a small remnant of them at 
Camp Yuma, near the mouth of the Gila, where rations were obtained 
for the subsistence of the party to San Diego, California. 

Below the point at which we reached the Colorado, irregular lines of 
rugged mountains enclose its valley, now receding to a distance of some 
twenty miles, now advancing towards each other ; and at three places 
abutting against the river, hem it in between rocky promontories, leav- 
ing no room for a roadway at their base. The passage of these defiles 
were the most difficult portions of the journey, requiring long detours 
over naked cliffs of extreme acclivity ; to cross which we were sometimes 
obliged to break stepping places in the rock for the mules, and to assist 
them in their ascent by means of ropes, and where a misstep, or the 
jostling of a pack against an impending crag, would occasionally preci- 
pitate one of them to the bottom of the adjacent precipice. The arable 
land bordering upon the river is greatly encroached upon by extensive 
flat spurs, hard, gravelly, and destitute of vegetation, which reach far 
out into the valley, leaving a comparatively small proportion of the 
space between the mountains susceptible of cultivation. Some large 
cotton-wood trees grow directly upon the river banks, but the growth 
of the rest of the valley is small, consisting chiefly of mezquit, tornilla, 
willow, and a singular tree with a smooth, pale-green bark, and leaves so 
diminutive as to require a close proximity to discern them. The shrubs 
are the arrow-wood, wild sage, hediondilla, or creosote plant, and grease 
weed, so called from the brilliancy of its flame while burning. Cacti 
are not numerous; the most remarkable is the pitakaya, or Cereus 
giganteus. 

Only two kinds of grass were found, at rare intervals and in small 
quantities; a tall, coarse variety, growing in large tufts, and a smaller 
kind, having a perceptible incrustation of salt upon the leaves. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 21 

The trap in some places along the river showed traces of carbonate of 
copper ; and beneath the trap was seen a coarse, gray granite, and in 
one instance a stratum of clay slate. 

Near Camp 51a large rock occupies the middle of the channel, and 
ledges extend from it across to both banks. In many other places the 
river is obstructed by shifting sand bars, rendering its navigation diffi- 
cult, if not impossible, except during a high stage of the water. The 
water-stains upon the rocks marked a height of twelve feet above the 
actual level, but the indications of overflow were partial, except near 
the mouth of the Gila, where a large surface appears to be subject to 
inundation. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

L. SITGREAVES, 
Brevet Captain Top, Engineers, 
Col. J. J. Abert, 

Corps Top. Engineers, 



TABLES 

OF 

DISTANCES, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS. 

AND 

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 



24 



REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



TABLE OF DISTANCES. 



From pueblo of Zuni to mouth of Zuni river 

From mouth of Zuni river to mouth of Bouche's Fork. .. 

From Bouche's Fork to mouth of Chevelou's Fork 

From Chevelon's Fork to mouth of Big Dry Fork 

From Big Dry Fork to Falls of Little Colorado 

From Falls of Little Colorado to head of Williams's Fork 

From Williams's Fork to Yampai creek 

From Yampai creek to first camp on Colorado 

From first camp on Colorado to mouth of Williams's Fork 
From Williams's Fork to camp Yuma 



Miles. 



Miles. 



58.50 




25.12 


83.62 


34.69 


11H.31 


8.00 


126. 31 


43.11 


169. 42 


89.64 


259. 06 


89.87 


348. 93 


65. 57 


414. 50 


75.19 


489. 69 


168. 00 


657. 69 



TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS. 



Pueblo of Zuni 

Camp No. 5 

Camp No. 7 

Camp No. 12 

Camp No. 17 

Camp No. 18 

Camp No. 28 

Camp No. 32 

Camp No. 37 

Camp No. 39 

Camp No. 45 

Camp No. 47 

Mouth of Gila river 



Latitude. 


Longitude west 




of Greenwich. 


o / // 


O / // 


35 04 10.7 




34 37 33 




34 45 27. 7 




35 15 48 




35 16 03 


111 29 30 


35 08 34. 3 


111 34 03 


35 26 00. 2 




35 08 55. 4 


114 39 27 


34 34 31 




34 20 59. 8 




33 42 09 




33 25 27 




32 43 31. 6 


114 33 04 



The position of the mouth of the Gila river 
A. W. Whipple, Topographical Engineers. 



from the observations of Lieut. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 



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REPORT 

ON 

THE NATURAL HISTORY 



COUNTRY PASSED OVER BY THE EXPLORING EXPEDITION 
UNDER THE COMMAND OF BREVET CAPTAIN L. SITGREAVES, 
U. S. TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, DURING THE YEAR 1851. 

BY S. W. W00DH0USE, M.D., ( 

BURGEON AND NATURALIST TO THE EXPEDITION. 






A 



REPORT. 



Academy of Natural Sciences, 

Philadelphia, January 25, 1853. 

Dear Sir: I have the honor of submitting to you the following report of the 
natural history of the country over which your command passed, on the route 
through Texas and New Mexico to Zuni, at which place the duties of exploration 
commenced. 

The cause of the delay of this report has been owing to the detention of my 
collections, which did not arrive until late last fall. I have urged the completion 
of it with all possible despatch, and am now happy to inform you of its com- 
pletion. 

I have also taken the liberty of introducing much of the natural history of the 
Indian territory, in which country I had the honor to be attached to a party 
under your command, in a similar capacity, in the year 1849, and under Lieut. J. 
C. Woodruff, in the year 1850. 

I was so unfortunate in the preservation of the large collection of Coleopterous 
insects made whilst on the Creek boundary expedition, (which were much dam- 
aged owing to the difficulties of transportation,) and became so disheartened, 
that I did not attempt it on the present occasion. 

On my arrival in Texas, and during my stay at San Antonio, I suffered much 
from intermittent fever, which was the cause of the loss to me of much time that 
might have been profitably spent in the pursuit of my favorite studies, for that 
country offers a great field for the naturalist. 

The party left San Antonio on the 7th of May, passing over the road laid out 
under the direction of Bvt. Lieut. Col. J. E. Johnston, U. S. Topographical Engi- 
neers, in the year 1849, from San Antonio to El Paso, along which I made collec- 
tions of considerable interest in the different departments of natural history, 
including quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and plants; for full descriptions of which I 
refer you to the accompanying papers of this report. 

Mr. Wright, an enterprising botanist, has passed over this route several times, 
and the plants have been described by Doctors Torrey and Gray, many of which 
have been already published by them in the Smithsonian Contributions, under the 
title, "Plantae Wrightianae." 

This country is exceedingly rich in reptiles, several of which in my collection 
were new. 

Among the birds, two I found on examination to be new, and several others 
new to our fauna. 

Dr. LeConte has described in the proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia, a beautiful and large Trombidium, which he calls Trom- 
bidium magnijicum, and which I found in this country. 

3 



34 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

I also procured here a fine species of Apus (A. longicaudatus,) described by 
Major LeConte in the Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, vol. 
4, p. 155, pi. 9. 

Frequently did I find in the road that disagreeable-looking object known to the 
Mexicans as the vinagron, ( Telephonis giganteus,) and by them much dreaded. 

From El Paso, passing up the Rio Grande, along which stream the vegetation 
alters but little, the timber being principally cotton-wood, (Populus monilifera,) 
the mezquit (Algarobia) extending up as far as the Jornada del Muerto, the 
creosote plant, (Larrea Mezicana,) grease-weed, (Obione canescens,) Failugia 
paradoxa, and various species of artemisia and yucca, are found growing along 
the barren hills extremely abundant. There were but few flowers to collect. I 
added to my collections numerous birds and reptiles along this stream, and during 
our detention at Santa Fe. 

On Wednesday, August 15th, 1851, Ave commenced our western march from 
Santa Fe, following the valley of the Rio Santa Fe a number of miles, and then 
crossing a dry, arid, gravelly plain to the Galesteo creek, the valley of which we 
followed a number of miles. From there we passed over to the Rio Grande, at the 
pueblo of San Domingo. But little of interest is presented thus far, the country 
for the most part being quite barren, gramma-grass (Boittelorea) being found in 
occasional patches, several species of Opuntia, also Ephedra, the Frcmontia vermi- 
cularis, &c. From here the valley of the Rio Del Norte, as far as Albuquerque, 
presents but little change in regard to vegetation, with the exception of a few 
scattered cotton-wood trees, (P. monilifera,) or occasionally a few cedars, (Junipe- 
rus.) The grass in many places was plenty, and of good quality. 

Along this river I observed numerous water-birds, such as the great and little 
yellow-shank tatler, (Totanus melanolcucus and T.flavipes,) the little sand-piper, 
(Tringa pusilla and T. Schinzi,) a new species of curlew, (Numenius occidentalis,) 
coots, (Fulica Americana,) avocet, (Recurvirostra Americana,) brant, (Bernicla 
brenta,) ducks, mallard, (Anas Boschas,) blue-winged teal, (Pterocyanea coeru- 
leata,) shoveller, (Spatula clypeata,) white pelican, (Pelecanus trachyrhynchus,) 
besides several varieties of land birds, finches, &c. 

Crossing the river at that place, and pursuing a western course, ascending a 
number of miles over a sandy, barren road, we came to a plain ; from this 
we rapidly descended to the Rio Puerco, having passed over a barren waste upon 
which little was growing excepting grease- weed (Obione canescens,) Franseria 
acanthocarpa, or Yerba del sapa of the Mexicans, several species of artemisia, and 
a few cacti. At this stream, which was now dry, there were a few scattered 
cedars and cotton-woods. 

Passing from here to the pueblo of Laguna, over a diversified country, with 
occasionally plenty of gramma-grass, (Boutelorea) and on the hills numerous 
cedars, birds and quadrupeds were very scarce: now and then an occasional 
reptile was to be seen. Here we encamped a few days, and near by there is 
growing a species of scrub oak, ( Quercus Emoryii) also numerous cedars, (Juni- 
perus.) About Acoma I found specimens of the Datura Mctel. There were quite 
a number of birds among the cedars, among them the California jay, (Cyanacorax 
Calif amicus ;) in the lake, in the vicinity of camp, there is quite a variety of 
water-fowl. 



ZUiNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 35 

Following the valley of the Rio Laguna, along which I collected a variety of 
grasses and flowers, I also procured a specimen of the Virginia rail, (Rallus 
Virginianus.) From the head of this stream we ascended the Zuni mountain, 
which is here covered with cedars (Juniperus) and pinons, (Pinus edulis.) We 
encamped on this mountain, at the Willow Spring, (Ojo de la Jarra,) a most 
beautiful spot; an abundance of fine green gramma-grasses (Boutelorea and 
Chondrosium,) with high hills on either side, everything looking fresh and green, 
so different from any portion of country that we had been in for months. This 
portion of country, and for miles back, would be of exceeding interest to a 
geologist. 

Here were three varieties of pine and two of oak ; also a rough-barked cedar, 
(Jiaiipcrus pachyderma,) a new species which Dr. Torrey has just described. I 
made collections of several varieties of beautiful flowers ; among them was the 
Gilia elegans. Here also were to be seen a number of birds : Tyrannula Sayi, 
Cyanacorax Californicus, C. Stelleri, several chicadees, and the western blue-bird 
(Sialia occidentalis.) The C. Californicus were numerous, and feeding upon the 
nuts of the pinon, (P. edulis) and were exceedingly wild. Parus montanus and 
other chicadees were quite numerous. 

The view on leaving the timber of this mountain was exceedingly beautiful. In 
front was an open plain, upon which were feeding numerous herds of antelope, 
(Antilocapra Americana.) 

I have observed throughout New Mexico the Hirundo lunifrons, H. bicolor, and 
Fringilla graminca, very abundant ; also, on the prairies, the Otocoris arvensis. 

Encamped at the Inscription Rock, a singular sandstone mesa about two hun- 
dred and fifty feet high. Here I observed a new swift, of which, however, I was 
unable to secure a specimen, but I was close enough to become well acquainted 
with it; I propose for it the name of the Rock swift, (Acanthylis saxatilis.) I 
here procured a number of plants ; the pinon and cedar grow about these rocks. 

Between the Inscription Rock and the Ojo Pescado the country is almost bar- 
ren, there being little else but grease-weed, (Obione canescens) and occasionally 
a little grass. This spring is the head of the Rio Zuni, and about it there is an 
abundance of grass, but few flowers. 

About five miles from the pueblo of Zuni there is a large spring, in which the 
Siredon lichenoides is quite abundant. The valley from here to the pueblo is culti- 
vated by the Indians. About this creek I collected a number of birds, among 
which were the willet, ( Totanus semipalmatus,) blue-winged teal, (Pterocyanea 
cccruleata) green-winged teal, (Q. Carolinensis) great and lesser yellow-shank 
snipe, (T. melanoleucus and T.flavipes) Schinz', and the little sand-piper, (Tringa 
Schinzii and T. pusilla) sand-hill cranes, (Grus Canadensis) and the Ardea Hero- 
dias. Among the land birds were the Tyrannula Sayi, the mountain mocking- 
bird, (Mimus montanus,) and several varieties of finches: among them Zono- 
trichia Blandingiana, Z. graminea, P. Savanna, S. pallida, S- amocna, &c. The 
Ptilogonys Toicnsendii and the Ictcria viridis were quite abundant. 

I also procured a number of reptiles, one of which proved to be new, and has 
been described by Dr. Hallowell under the name of Pityophis ajjiuis. I also added 
many specimens of plants to my collection. 



36 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

During our detention at the pueblo of Zuni I was unfortunately bitten by a 
rattlesnake (Crotalus le Contei,) a full account of the effects and the treatment 
of which I have given in my medical report. This was a sad accident for me, 
more particularly at this time, as we were just about commencing the most 
important and interesting part of the exploration. I did not recover the use of 
my left hand for months afterwards, and this accounts for the small collection of 
birds, quadrupeds, and reptiles procured by me west of this place, being entirely 
dependent upon the exertions of the men. Oftentimes, as I was riding along, did 
I see a bird, reptile, or plant that I had not before seen, and was unable to pro- 
cure them : a man at that time not being near me, I was forced to pass them by. 

On leaving here, and following down the Rio Zuni, there is but a slight change 
in the vegetation, cacti and grease-weed being abundant, and gramma-grasses in 
numerous places; the trees being principally cedar. I observed in but one 
place a few poplars, (Populus augustifolia,) and near these trees was a beaver- 
dam, in which was growing cat-tail ( Typha latifolia;) and near here I procured 
some interesting plants — among them was a beautiful blue convolvulus, and a 
small running vine with a scarlet flower, much resembling that of the cypress- 
vine. The Lobelia Canadensis was also quite abundant. I found the Hirundo 
lunifrons, with its nests built under the projecting sandstone rocks. The Stur- 
netta neglecta was to be seen in different parts of the valley. 

Near our first camp on the Little Colorado there were the lodges of the 
beaver {Castor fiber) to be seen, but no timber. On the banks of this stream 
were growing a species of swamp-willow, (Salix.) The grass here was of a good 
quality. 

After leaving Camp No. 5 some distance, we passed the remains of a large 
petrified tree, the wood of which was agatized. It was broken in pieces, as if 
by a fall, and its root was up-hill. It must have been upwards of three feet in 
diameter. 

Much of this country presents a barren appearance, being covered with the 
Obione canescens, and species of artemisia, Franseria acanthocarpa, and plants of 
this description. Deer, (C. macrotis,) antelope, (A. Americana,) and the black- 
tailed hare, (L. callotis,) are quite abundant. 

After leaving Camp No. 6 about six miles, we passed over a beautiful rolling 
prairie covered with gramma-grass, and numerous large cedars, (Juniperus,) the 
fruit of which is upwards of half an inch in diameter. This, in all probability, 
Dr. Torrey will find to be a new species. The men killed a specimen of the por- 
cupine, (Hystrix dorsata.) Thus far, I have observed but few flowers or birds. 

Near the first canon of this river, growing on the rocks were varieties of cacti, 
and at the point where we first crossed the river were plenty of grape-vines,( Vitis.) 

The vegetation along this stream varies but little. As we approached the San 
Francisco mountain, the cotton-wood (P. monilifera) became more abundant; 
also scattered cedars along different portions of the route. Among the drift in 
one place I observed the remains of what appeared to me to be the black-walnut, 
(J. nigra,) showing that this tree must grow either on this stream or its tribu- 
taries. Gramma-grasses were found along different portions of the valley, in 
some places quite abundant. Portions of agatized wood are found abundant 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 37 

along various portions of this stream. Among the quadrupeds Cervus macro- 
tis, Antilocapra Americana, Ursus ferox, and the Lepus callotis, abound. The 
variety of birds was not great; among them was Nuttall's whip-poor-will, (Capri- 
viulgus NuttaUii,) of which I procured several specimens. The white-crowned 
finch, Z. leucophrys, was quite abundant. Water-birds were more numerous. I 
procured two specimens of ibis, (/. guarauna ?) 

Leaving this river, we commenced our ascent of the San Francisco mountain. 
In many places the ground was perfectly black with drifted scoria. Passed a 
number of small walnut-trees, bearing a small nut, the miniature of our black- 
walnut, which Dr. Torrey has found to be new. He calls it Juglans Whippleana. 
I believe it to be the same as I collected at the Painted Camp, in Western Texas. 
Much of the ground is covered with fine gramma-grass and cedars ; in other 
places are the trees to be found without the grass, and the ground covered with 
fine drifting scoria. 

At Camp No. 15, 1 procured a number of birds ; among them were the Ptilo- 
gonys Toicnsendii, Troglodytes obsoletus, Struthus Oregona, Lophophanes inornatus, 
Sylvicola Auduboni, &c. Collected a number of grasses, and a parasite (Phora- 
dendron) which grows here very abundantly on the cedars ; also the Datura metcl. 

Continued ascending the mountain. Grass abundant, and several varieties of 
pine. Both birds and plants are more numerous. 

We were ascending four days, and then commenced the descent. This mount- 
ain presented a beautiful appearance, as the foliage of the oaks, ( Quercus,) a 
species between the post and white-oak, and the trembling aspen, (P. tremu- 
loides,) were changing. These, intermingled with the evergreens, such as the 
pines and cedars, added much to the beauty of the scene. There were two vari- 
eties of pine, (P. edulis and P. brachyptera;) also a spruce, the fruit of which I 
could not obtain. 

The cry of the panther (Felis pardalis) was occasionally to be heard. The 
grisly bear ( Ursus ferox) inhabits this mountain. Here I procured specimens 
of that beautiful, large, and tufted-eared squirrel, (Sciurus Abertii,) together with 
a new pouched jumping rat, (Perognathus penicillatus ;) also a specimen of the 
pouched sand-rat, (Geomys fulvus ;) also a variety of birds — among them a new 
snow-finch, (Struthus caniceps.) Among the birds that I observed were the Cyo. 
nocorax Californicus, Corvus Corax, Corvus Americanus, Zonotrichia leucophrys, 
Z. graminea, Struthus Oregona, Spizilla pallida, Paserculus Savanna, Carpodacus 
purpureus, Pyranga Azarae, (a bird new to our fauna,) Picus torquatus, P.pubes- 
cens, numerous tits, Lophophanes inornatus, Parus montanus, Sitta Carolincn- 
sis, S Californicus, and numerous other birds. I here made a large collection 
of plants. 

Between Camps Nos. 18 and 19 we passed through some fine pine timber, inter- 
spersed with oak and aspen. In one place I found specimens of a white clover 
(Trifolium) quite abundant. Deer abundant. 

At Camp No. 20, found the rough-barked cedar, (J uniperus pachydermia,) and I 
procured specimens with the fruit ; also found here the maguey plant, (Agave 
Americana,) which, together with the fruit of the pine, (P. edulis,) affords the 
Yampai Indians a large portion of their food. 



38 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

About this camp a beautiful species of phlox was growing quite abundantly. 
From here to the head of Bill Williams's Fork we passed through alternate por- 
tions of timber and open prairie, the former predominating; the day before 
arriving at which, we saw numerous wild turkeys, (M. gallopavo) Stellers' jay, 
(C. Stelleri.) Deer plenty. On the edge of the mountains the air is filled with a 
sweet perfume from the Fallugia paradoxa. I here procured a number of speci- 
mens of plants. 

On leaving this stream the timber became scarce and the grass dry and thin. 
I here saw specimens of Gambel's partridge, (Callipepla Gambelii) the first that 
I have seen since leaving El Paso. Antelope, hare, and wolves are abundant, one 
of which was fox-colored, and about the size of the Canis latrans. 

On the morning when we left Camp No. 23, at the spot where we halted to 
rest the mules, we procured a number of berries of the yellow-wood, (Berberis 
pennata) which tasted much like the fruit of our chicken-grape ; these assisted 
to quench our thirst. Here we again found the rough-barked cedar, (J. pachy- 
derma) Fallugia paradoxa; also, numerous deer, antelope, and hare. We again 
commenced descending, passing through cedar and pine timber, and occasionally 
passing through some fine gramma-grass. 

After leaving Camp No. 24 and passing over a plain, the first part of which was 
covered with pinon, cedar, and yellow-wood, the ground becomes more bare, 
producing cacti, Ephedra Americana, Franserea, species of artemisia, Yucca agri- 
folia, Agave Americana, and Obione canescens. From this valley we commenced 
ascending a mountain of quartz rock, on the top of which the cedars become 
quite thick ; here is a portion of country apparently without animal life. 

At Camp No. 24. This night we made our fires of the yellow-wood, which im- 
parts much heat and a peculiar, pleasant odor. On leaving this camp, which was 
on the edge of a large valley in which there was plenty of gramma-grass, we again 
entered the dense cedar timber; on leaving this, cacti and the Obione canescens 
abound. 

Camp No. 25 was in a small valley, with a little grass ; on the side-hills were 
growing cedars, yellow-wood, and Fallugia paradoxa. There were varieties of 
cacti, among which were some fine specimens of mammilaria. A truly miserable 
country is this, where an insect can hardly exist. 

Camp 26 in the mountains, near two small springs ; the vegetation is the same 
as at the last camp. Here I procured a specimen of the prairie-wolf, (Canis 
latrans) which, becoming desperate, rushed to the spring, and was killed by one 
of the men with a stone, we having possession, perhaps, of the only water in this 
section of country for miles. The ravens (C. Corax) were hovering over us 
whilst we remained here, eagerly watching our famished mules. Since we left 
Bill Williams's Fork there have been clouds seen every day, and anxiously did 
we watch for rain; but this seemed a thing impossible, to rain in this miserable 
country, where everything appears to be an enemy, and is armed with a thorn 
or a poisonous sting. Since we left Zuni I have observed but few reptiles : 
tarantulas (Mygale) abound in this section. 

Following down a valley from here until within two miles of Yampai creek, 
there was but little change : there we found cedars, some dry grass, cacti, and a 
few birds ; not a flower have I seen for several days. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 39 

Camp No. 28, at Yampai creek, water and grass abundant, (what a luxury!) 
One cannot appreciate the luxury of a hath until he has been in the condition 
that we were in when we arrived at this place. 

Here was some life — birds, quadrupeds, and plants. The banks of the stream 
are covered by a small scrub oak, (Q. Emoryii) several species of willow, {Salix) 
over which in many places were creeping grape-vines, (Vitis) forming dense 
thichets ; also a few cotton-wood trees, several species of currants, (Ribes) arte- 
misia, Obione canesccns, Ephedra, and several varieties of cactus. I also pre- 
served a number of plants, Gambel's partridge, (C. Gambelii) Townsend's 
Ptilogonys (Ptilogonys Townsendii,) and Struthus Oregona, &c. 

Mr. Le Eoux, our guide, informs me that there is a small black eagle found 
in this country, but I did not get a sight of it. 

Following down the valley of this creek, the water of which soon sinks and is 
lost in the sand, the dense thickets are changed for scattering mes quite ( Alga- 
rob ia) and a species of acacia, together with numerous cacti. 

From here to Camp 30, which was at the foot of the mountain, hardly a blade 
of grass is to be seen. Ascending a sandy aroyo, there was to be seen occasion- 
ally a scattered willow (Salix,) mesquite (Algarobia,) locust (Acacia,) cotton- 
wood, (Populus) hediondea, or stinking weed of the Mexicans, (Eriodictyon) and 
a singular low shrub, with the stem and leaves covered with an adhesive varnish. 
As we ascended the mountain, at the foot of which we found cedars, (Juniperus) 
and the summit covered with pinons, (P. edulis) 1 saw but one bird: this was 
the hermit thrush ( Turdus sotitarius.) 

At Camp 31, on the mountain, scarcely a blade of grass is to be found, but 
cacti, palmea, (Yucca) and rocks abound. Passing down the mountain, we crossed 
over a valley quite barren, with the exception of grease-weed (Obione canes- 
cens,) Eriodictyon, Ephedra Americana, and a species of Yucca, growing upwards 
of ten feet in height, having a large trunk, and branching about four or five feet 
above the ground. 

We encamped on the opposite side of this valley, at the foot of the mountain, 
without grass or water, and gravel-stones so thick that one is unable to find a 
smooth spot to spread his blankets. In ascending this mountain we found nume- 
rous willows, covered with grape-vines. At the top of this mountain pass we had 
a view of the long-looked-for river, the great Colorado of the West. This was 
hailed with joy by every one, and the mountains were made to ring with their 
repeated cheers. On our descent I observed two species of cactus that I have 
not seen before. On the banks of this stream are growing willows (Salix) of 
several kinds, one of which, the Salix augustifolia, affords good fodder for the 
mules ; they oftentimes, whilst on this stream, had nothing else, and in fact we 
thought that we were doing well when we found this species of willow; also arrow- 
wood (Tessaria borealis,) and in some places grass. 

The vegetation from this point to the mouth of the Gila, and down the Colo- 
rado to the entrance of the Great Desert, varies but little, if any, being cotton- 
wood, (Popidus augustifolia and P. monilifera,) mesquite (Algarobia glandulosa) 
with straight pod and sweet pulp, and the mesquite (Prosopis odorata) with a 
spiral pod, several species of willow (Salix,) arrow-wood ( Tessaria borealis,) a 



40 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI, ETC. 

variety of cacti — one of which was very conspicuous, the Cereus giganteus — sev- 
eral species of grass, and a species of cane, growing about the lagunas, (Arundo 
phragmites, Torr.,) and a singular-looking tree, apparently a species of acacia, 
growing from twenty to thirty feet high, leaves very small, and bark light green, 
bearing a small bean with a long pod. 

Birds were scarce; the Callipepla Gambelii very abundant. A variety of 
water-birds, such as sand-hill crane, snipe, ducks, geese, &c. The Cervus ma- 
crotis were occasionally to be seen; the Lepus callotis was quite abundant; also 
the Canis latrans. 

On the desert of the Colorado there is but little growing, excepting grease- 
weed. On it are to be found the remains of old Anodons, showing that it is sub- 
ject to be overflowed by the Colorado ; but I believe there was but one species 
of that shell. It is singular that in the Great Colorado and its tributaries I did 
not procure or see a shell of the genus Unio. At New river there are numerous 
inesquite trees and careless-weed, (Chenop odium,) the seed of which the Indians 
grind and make into bread. The laguna of this creek was filled with an infernal 
water, being green, thick, salt, and stinking. In and about this we found a 
number of ducks and small snipe. 

As we approached Carissa creek, we found fossil oyster-shells, (Exogyra.) On 
the hills about this creek were growing numerous cacti; also the St. Joseph rod, 
(Foquera spinosa,) which being in full bloom, looked beautiful. Mesquite, arrow- 
wood, and salt grass, were abundant. On this creek there has been a grove of 
large palms, a few of which now remain. 

At Valliecitas we found plenty of grass, and the Agave Americana, growing 
abundantly. 

Ascending the valley from San Felipe, the mountains on either side are cov- 
ered with tall pines. On the dividing ridge we found a species of live-oak, 
(Quercus agrifolia,) and the button- wood, (Platanus Mexicanus.) There was but 
little variation in the vegetation between here and the Pacific, excepting many of 
the hills were covered with wild oats. Being late in the season, and snow on the 
Coast range, there were no plants to be collected. Birds were scarce. 

Near Santa Isabelle, in a large laguna, there were a number of ducks, among 
them the canvass-back (Nyroca Valisneria,) red-neck (N.ferina,) mallard ( Anas 
Boschas,) teal (Pterocyanca cceruleata,) &c. 

For fuller and more detailed accounts of the natural history, I will have to 
refer you to the separate papers on each branch accompanying this. 

I must here offer my grateful acknowledgments to the kind assistance afforded 
me by Edward Hallowell, M. D., and Professors Torrey, Baird, and Girard, in 
their various departments of natural history. 

To the Messrs. Kern much credit is due for their praiseworthy drawings, which 
have required time and minute study of nature. 

I am, sir, with much respect, your obedient servant, 

S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D., 
Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition. 

Brevet Captain L. Sitgreaves, 

U. S. Topographical Engineers, Washington. 



ZOOLOGY. 



MAMMALS AND BIRDS, BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D. 

REPTILES, BY EDWARD HALLOWELL, M. D. 

FISHES, BY PROF. S. F. BAIRD AND CHARLES GIRARB 



MAMMALS. 

BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D. 



Genus VESPERTILIO, Linn. 

Vespertilio Carolinensis, Geoff. — The common Carolina Bat. 

Fespertilio Carolinensis, Geoff. Ann. Mus. cl'liist. Nat., torn. 8, pi. 47. 
This bat is common throughout the Indian territory and Texas. 
Whilst on the Rio Grande, New Mexico, I shot a long-eared hat, which speci- 
men was unfortunately lost before it could be prepared for preservation. 



Genus CONDYLURA, Illiger. 

Condylura CRisTATA, Linn. — The Star-nosed Mole. 

Sorex cristatus, Linn., ed. 12, p. 73. 

Condylura cristata, Harlan, Faun. Amer., p. 36. 

Condylura macroura, Harlan, Faun. Amer., p. 39. 

Condylura cristata, Aud. & Bach., vol. 2, p. 139, pi. 69. 
This animal is very common in the Indian territory. 



Genus URSUS, Linn. 

Ursus Americanos, Pallas. — The Black Bear. 

Ursus Americanus, Pallas, Spic. Zool., vol. 14, p. 6-26. 
" " Godmau, Nat. Hist., I, p. 114.— Hail. Faun. Amer., p. 51. 

This animal is common in the Indian territory, especially at the Cross Timbers 
and in the timber of the Arkansas river and its tributaries. It is also very com- 
mon in the timbered portions of country in Texas and New Mexico. 

Ursus ferox, Lewis & Clark. — The Grisly Bear. 

Ursus horribilis, Ord. Say. in Longs. Exp., vol. 2, p. 224, note 34. 

Godman, Nat. Hist , vol. 1, p. 131. 
Ursus cinereus, Desm. Mammal, p. 164. 

Ursus canescens, Hamilton Smith. Grif. An. King., vol. 2, p. 229. 
This formidable animal is found in the mountainous portions of New Mexico 
and California. About the San Francisco mountain, near the Little Colorado 
river, New Mexico, I have frequently seen fresh tracks without having met with 
the animal, although it was there quite abundant. 



44 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus PROCYON, Storr. 

Procyon lotor, Linn. — The Raccoon. 
Ursus lotor, Linn. Gmelin. 
Vulpes Americana, Charleton. 
Procyon lotor, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 163. 

" Aud. & Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 74, pi. 61. 

Quite abundant in the Indian territory and in Texas. 



Genus PUTORIUS, Cuv. 

Putorius ermineus, Linn. — The Ermine Weasel. 
Mustela erminea, Linn. Gmelin 1, p. 93 

" Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 193. 
This beautiful and active little animal is quite common in the Indian Territory. 



Genus MEPHITIS, Cuv. 

Mephitis Americana, Desm. — The common Skunk. 

Viverra Mephitis, Gmel. L. Syst. Nat., p. 88, No. 13. 

Mephitis Americana, Sabine. 

Enfant du diable, Charlevoix, Nouv. Franc. 3, 133. 

Mephitis Americana, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 213. 
Very common in the Indian territory, particularly about the Cross Timbers. 

Mephitis macroura., Licht. — The Great-tailed Skunk. 
Mephitis macroura, Licht. Mam. Berlin, Mus., pi. 46. 
" Aud. & Bach. Quad N. A, pi. 102. 

This beautiful animal I have found abundant on the prairies throughout West- 
ern Texas. 



Genus LUTRA, Ray. 

Lutra Canadensis, Sabine. — The Canada Otter. 
Lutra Canadensis, Sabine, Franklin's Jour., p. 653. 
Lutra Brasiliensis, Harlan, Faun. Amer., p. 72. 

" " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 222. 

Lutra Canadensis, Aud. & Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 2, pi. 51. 

The otter I have never seen abundant, but have occasionally met with ic in the 
small streams in the Indian territory. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 45 



Genus BASSARIS, Licht. 

Bassaris astuta, Licht. — The Ring-tailed Bassaris. 
Bassaris astuta, Licht. Mam. Ber. Mus., pi. 43. 

" Schreber, Saugt. Sup., vol. 2, p. 27S. 
" Aud. & Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 314, pi. 93. 
This beautiful little animal I saw first at the Painted Caves, near the Rio San 
Pedro, Texas. It was found asleep in the crevice of a rock by the men, and by 
them killed and brought into camp. 

It is common in some parts of California, where it is tamed by the inhabitants, 
and kept by them for the purpose of catching rats and mice, in which it is said to 
be very expert. I have seen it thus domesticated. 



Genus CANIS, Linn. 

Canis gigas, Towns. — The Buffalo Wolf. 
Lupus gigas, Towns, Jour. A. N. Sci., Phila., N. S., v. 2, p. 75. 
Lupus occidentalis, Peale, U. S. Ex. Exp. Zool., p. 26. 

I have observed this animal frequently in the Indian territory, in that portion 
frequented by the buffalo. It appears to be solitary in its habits, and never have 
I seen more than two at the same time. Whilst in New Mexico or Texas I did 
not observe it, although, from descriptions persons have given me of a large wolf, 
I believe it to exist there. 

Much confusion prevails in the books in regard to the wolves of our country, 
aud this can only be satisfactorily settled by a more careful examination and com- 
parison of their crania and skins than has hitherto been in the power of any one 
to make. 

Canis nubilis, Say. — The Dusky Wolf. 

Canis nubilis, Say, Longs. Exp., vol. 1, p. 333. 
" " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 265. 

Very common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 

Canis latrans, Say. — The Prairie Wolf. 

Canis latrans, Say, Longs. Exp., vol. 1, p. 163. 
Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 260. 
Very common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. I 
obtained specimens of this animal on the Great Colorado river, one of which 
was killed by one of the soldiers with a club. Our party having kept possession 
of two small springs for two days and nights, these animals became desperate, 
and would come to drink whilst the men and their mules were standing there. 
These springs were probably the only sources of water in that neighborhood. 



46 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Canis frustror, Woodhouse. — The American Jackal. 

Canis frustror, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., vol. 5, p. 147. 

Char. Essen t. — Hair cinereous-gray, varied with black above; longeron the 

vertebral line ; legs fulvous. 

Feet. Inches. 
Dimensions. — Total length from the tip of the nose, including the 

tail, with the exception of the hair at tip 2 7 

Total length of vertebrae of tail 8^ 

Total length of ears 4t% 

Total length of fore leg 9 

From the anterior canthus of the eye to the tip of nose 2nj- 

From anterior angle of ear to posterior canthus of eye 2 1 4 < T 

Between the anterior angles of the ears 2^ 

Description. — Hair at base fulvous and woolly, middle of its length white and 
tipped with black; ears erect, pointed at tip, cinnamon-color behind and at the 
base, inside dirty white, sides paler than the back ; belly brownish white ; breast 
brown; chin white; legs cinnamon-color; the nose, from the eyes to the tip, cin- 
namon-color ; cheeks gray ; space between the ears reddish-brown ; tail fulvous 
below, dark gray above, black at tip, slightly bushy ; iris light brown ; lips white, 
tipped with black ; it has three series of setae, on the upper lip, above the eyes, 
and on the sides of the cheeks. 

The skull of this animal resembles more closely the jackal of the Old World 
than any known species of wolf. 

Habits. — This animal I first saw at Fort Gibson, on the Neosho river, which 
place they frequent at night in numbers, making their way to a ditch where the 
offals of the garrison are thrown. 

Their bark is sharp, like that of a terrier, followed in quick succession; then a 
prolonged cry, much like that of a hound. Four or five of them make as much 
noise as twice their number of terrier dogs, so that a stranger on hearing them 
is apt to be deceived as to their number. I have seen them on all parts of the 
prairies in the Indian territory ; but they appear to be more abundant near the 
settlements. They prowled frequently about our camp at night, keeping up an 
incessant barking. 

I observed but few of them in Texas. I procured a male and female of this 
animal whilst hi the Indian territory, which are in my collection. 

This animal has hitherto been confounded with the Canis latrans, Say. There 
are, I believe, several small species of wolves which are different, and are all 
known to the Mexicans by the general name of Coyote. 

Genus VULPES, Desm. 

Vulpes cinereo-argentatus, Gmel. — The Gray Fox. 

Canis cinereo-argentatus, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 280. 

Found throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. The Pueblo 
Indians of the latter country prize the skin of this animal very highly, and make 
use of it as an ornament of dress in some of their dances. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 47 



Genus FELIS, Linn. 

Felis pardaxis, Linn. — The Leopard Cat, or Ocelot. 
Felis pardalis, Linn, p. 62. 

" " Harlan, Fauna, p. 98, Schreber Saugt. Sup., v. 2, p. 498. 
Aud. and Bach. Q. N. A., vol. 2, p. 258, pi. 86. 
This beautiful species, known in Texas as the leopard cat, is common through- 
out that country and in the Indian territory, preferring thickets on the borders 
of streams, and often carrying off the game which a hunter has just shot before 
he has a chance to enter the thicket. I have seen it jump out of a tree and 
alight on the ground and run swiftly before me, while riding on horseback 

Felis concolor, Linn. — The Cougar, or Panther. 
Fe/is concolor, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel, 1, p. 79 
" Schreb. Saugt. Sup., vol. 2, p. 467. 
" " Harlan, Fauna Anier., p. 94. 

Godman, Nat. Hist., v. 1, p. 291. 
Fells puma, Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1,2, p. 158, tab. 89. 
I have never found this animal very abundant. It was observed in the Indian 
territory in the neighborhood of a swamp ; hi Texas, in the open prairie ; and in 
New Mexico, in the mountains. 



Genus DIDELPHIS, Linn. 



Didelphis Virginiana, Shaw. — The Virginia 
Didelphis Virginiana, Shaw's Zool., vol. 1, p. 73. 

" " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 7. 

Aud. and Bach, vol. 2, p. 107, pi. 66. 
Very abundant throughout the Indian territory and Texas. I did not observe 
it in New Mexico. 



Genus CASTOR, Linn. 

Castor fiber, Linn. — The American Beaver. 
Castor fiber, Linn, Syst., 12th ed., p. 78. 

" ;f Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 21. 
Castor ordinaire, Desm. Mam. 
Castor Americanus, F. Cuvier. 

" " Rich, F. Bor. Arner., v. 2, p. 105. 

Castor fiber, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 347, pi. 46. 
I observed a few of these animals in the Indian territory and Texas ; but they 
are quite plentiful in different parts of New Mexico. On our route we found it 
in the Zuni, Little and Great Colorado rivers. In the latter it was quite abundant. 



48 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus MUS, Cuv, 

Mus musculus, Linn. — The common Mouse. 
3Tus musculus, Linn, 11th ed., p. 83. 
" " Say, Longs. Exp., vol. 1, p. 262. 
" " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 84. 
Common about all the settlements in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, 
and California. 

Mus decuman us, Linn. — The brown or Norway Rat. 
Mus decumanus, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel., t. p. 127. 
Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 78. 
" " Schreber Saugthiere, p. 645. 

" Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 22, pi. 54. 

Mus aquaticus, Gesner's Quad, p. 732. 
Found throughout all the settlements wherever there were white settlers. It 
has made its appearance in California within the last five years, and now is quite 
common in all the large towns. 



Genus nESPEROMYS, Waterhouse. 

Hesperomys Texana, Woodhouse. — The Texas Mouse. 

Hesperomys Texana, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. S., Phila, vol. vi. 

Char, essent. — Smaller than the H.leucopus; head shorter and more blunt: 
ears smaller and more round, brown above ; white, inclining to yellowish, be- 
neath. 

Description. — Head large, blunt; eyes prominent and dark-brown ; ears erect, 
roundish, oval, blunt, sparsely covered outwardly with short appressed brown 
hairs, inwardly with gray ; thumb of fore-feet a tubercle, furnished with a long 
blunt nail; two middle toes, the longest subequal; hind feet furry, with the excep- 
tion of the sole ; whiskers long. 

Color. — Hair dark-cinereous, above tipped with pale brown and dusky, so as to 
have rather a mottled appearance; beneath with white, inclining to yellowish — the 
two colors, that is to say above and beneath, separated tolerably distinctly from 
each other in a straight line; tail above brown, beneath white; nose mixed 
brown and gray, or pale brown; whiskers black and gray; legs white on their 
inner surface only ; feet white, the hairs projecting over the nails. 
Habitat. — Western Texas. 

Dimensions. — Total length from tip of nose to root of tail 2rV inches. 

Total length of tail 2^ " 

Total length of head ItV " 

Height of ear i 4 u " 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 



49 



Breadth of ear 1% inch. 

Forelegs 1 

Hind legs 1th 

Qbs.—I procured this pretty little animal on the Rio Grande, near El Paso. 
Of its habits I know nothing. 

Hksperomys leucopus, Raf. — The American white-footed Mouse. 

Mus sylvaticus, Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, p. 380. 

Musculus leucopus, Raf, Amer. Month. Rev., Oct., 1818, p. 444. 

Mus agrarius, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 88. 

Mus leucopus, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 300, pi. 40. 
Common in the Indian territory and Texas. 



Genus PEROGNATHUS, Pr. de Wied. 

Perognathus penicillatus, Woodhouse. — The penecillated Pouched Mouse. 
Perognathus penicillatus, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. Sci ., Phila., vol. 6, p. 200. 
Char, essent. — Above yellowish brown, beneath white; tail longer than the 
head and body, penecillate with light-brown hair. 
Form. — The head is of moderate size, and not easily distinguished from the 
neck. The incisors are small, and but partially exposed; upper ones are sulcate 
in the middle. Nose small and rather pointed, extending some distance beyond 
the incisors ; whiskers light-brown, and irregularly mixed with black ; eyes dark- 
brown, and of a moderate size ; ears nearly round and moderate, almost naked 
anteriorly, and covered posteriorly with fine fur ; the tragus and antitragus are 
quite prominent ; the external meatus is protected by a tuft of small black 
bristles, extending across the ear; tail about one and a quarter inch longer 
than the head and body, round, gradually tapering, and covered with hair — on the 
superior and middle portion commences a row of long silky hairs, which gradually 
increase in width until they form a tuft at the end ; fore legs short ; feet small, 
with four well-developed toes, the rudiment of the thumb, which is armed with a 
nail — palms naked ; hind legs and feet long, having five toes armed with nails ; 
feet and toes coved with short, fine fur; soles naked; the fur longer on the back 
than on the belly— it is soft and silky. 

Color. — Incisors yellow ; the top of head and back dark yellowish-brown — 
lighter on the sides ; fur at base light ash ; throat, belly, vent, and fore legs, 
white ; inner portions of hind legs white — the white commences at the nostrils, 
and forms a well-marked line to the thighs, extending to the heel, leaving the 
front of thigh white, outer portion light yellowish brown ; feet white ; under por- 
tion of tail white, above dark brown ; the long hair on tail a rich brown ; tip of 
nose flesh-color ; the fur of nose and half of cheek white. 

Dimensions. — Total length from tip of nose to root of tail 3yV inches. 

Total length of vertebrae of tail 3-n> " 

Total length of ear anterior -^j " 

Total length of whiskers lxV 

4 



50 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Total length of os calcis and middle toe, including nail 1 inch. 

Total length from elbow to tip of nail 1 

Distance from the anterior angle of orbit to the tip 

of nose \% " 

Habitat. — New Mexico, west of Eio Grande. 

Obs. — Of the habits of this animal I know but little. The specimen described 
is a male; I procured it in the San Francisco mountain, New Mexico. 



Genus DIPODOMYS, Gray. 

Dipodomys Ordii, Woodhouse. — Ord's Pouched Jumping Eat. 
Dipodomys Ordii, Woodhouse. Proc. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 6. 
Char, essent. — Light reddish-brown above; beneath white; tail short, and pen- 

ecillate at end. 
Description. — A little smaller than the D. Phillipsii, Gray; head and tail 
shorter ; nose long and pointed, extending some distance beyond the incisors ; 
ears somewhat round, the anterior portion almost naked ; posteriorly covered 
with short, fine hair. 

Color. — Dark reddish-brown above ; sides light reddish-brown ; fur ash-color 
at base ; side of the nose, half of the cheek, spot behind the ear, band across the 
thigh, and beneath, pure white ; a black spot at the base of the long whiskers ; a 
superciliary ridge of white over the eye ; tail dark brown, with a band of white 
on either side ; the penecillated portion of the tail is formed of long white hairs 
with bright brown tips. 

Dimensions. — Total length from tip of nose to root of toil 5 inches. 

Total length of vertebrae of tail 4-^ " 

Total length of tail, including hair at tip 5-nj " 

Total length of os calcis, including middle toe and nail l^u " 

Total length of ear i% " 

Habitat. — Western Texas. 

Obs. — This I procured whilst I was at El Paso, on the Eio Grande. I have 
named it in honor of Mr. George Ord, President of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences, Philadelphia. 



Genus GEOMYS, Eaf. 

Geomys Bursarius, Shaw. — The Canada Pouched Eat. 

Mus Bursarius, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 2, p. 100, p. 138. 

Mus bursarius, Shaw, Linnean Trans., vol. 5, p. 227, 1 p. 100. 

Geomys cinereus, Eaf. Amer. Month. Mag., 1817. 

Pseudostoma bursarius, Aud. &. Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 332, pi. 44. 
The specimen in my collection is of a young animal, but I believe it to be of 
this species. It is abundant in some portions of the Indian territory. 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 51 

Geomys fulvus, Woodhouse. — The Red Sand Eat. 

Geomys fulvus, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., vol. 6, p. 201. 

Char, essent. — Light reddish-brown above; beneath whitish ; ears small and 
round, covered with thick, short, black fur ; tail long in proportion when com- 
pared with others of this genus. 

Description. — Head large ; nose broad, covered with thick, short far, with the 
exception of a small space at tip and the margins of the nostrils, which are naked; 
the nose extends a short distance beyond the plane of the incisors ; the incisors 
are exserted with three convex smooth sides, the exterior broadest, and of a yel- 
lowish color — their cutting edges are even; the upper incisors extend downwards 
and inwards — the under ones are one-third longer than the upper, and but slightly 
narrower; ears small and round, covered with thick, short black fur externally; 
eyes larger than is common in species of this genus ; tail round, thick at base, 
and gradually tapering; the fore claws are long, compressed, slightly curved, 
and pointed ; the claw on the middle toe is the longest, the fifth is the shortest, 
and that of the thumb resembles much the claw of the hind foot, both as regards 
size and shape. The toes on the hind feet are a little longer and more slender 
than those of the fore feet ; the nails short, somewhat conical, and excavated 
underneath. 

Color. — Head, cheeks, back, and sides, bright reddish-brown, being darker on 
the top of the head and back ; the breast, ventral region, feet, inner portions of 
legs and thighs, white, slightly inclining to ash; abdomen very light reddish-brown ; 
edges of cheek-pouches encircled with rufous.' The long hair of the back 
extends over about one-third of the tail, the remaining portion of which is covered 
with short, white silky hairs, terminating in a small tuft. The fore feet above are 
covered with short white hair ; the toes on their inner side have a row of long 
white hairs ; palms naked ; the claws are opaque, white for half their extent, the 
other half transparent — there is a small oblong reddish-brown spot in the centre 
of each. The hind feet are covered above with white hairs : soles naked. The 
lips on their inner side are covered with short, fine white hair, with a band of 
short, fine black fur encircling the mouth. Fur above at base dark ash, beneath 
light ash ; whiskers silvery white. 
Dimensions. — Total length from the tip of the nose to root of tail. 5 inches 

Total length of tail vertebrae 2-^- " 

Total length from anterior angle of eye to tip of nose -nj " 
Total length from tip of nose to auditory opening. .. 1 \% " 
Total length of os calcis, including middle toe and claw 1-^, " 

Total length from elbow to end of middle claw 1-^ " 

Total length of middle fore claw , ^ " 

Total length of hind claw |# « 

Total length of fur on back |^ " 

Total length of whiskers, about ] " 

Habitat. — New Mexico, west of Rio Grande. 

Obs. — The specimen in my collection was procured near the San Francisco 
mountain, about which they were quite abundant. 



52 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus SPERMOPHILUS, Cuv. 

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Mitchell. — The 13-lined Spermophile. 
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Mitchell, Med. Rep., 1821. 
Arctomys tridecemlineatus, Godm. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 112. 
Arctomys {Spermophilus) Hoodii, Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2,p. 117, pi. 14 
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., v. 1, p. 117, pi. 39. 
I have only observed this pretty little spermophile on the prairies of the Cher- 
okee Nation. 

Spermophilus ludovicianus, Ord. — The Prairie Dog. 
Prairie dog, Lewis and Clark's Exp., vol. 1, p. 67. 
Wishtonwish, Pike's Exp., p. 150. 
Arctomys ludovicianus, Ord., in Guthrie's Geog., 2,302, 1815. 

" " Say, Long's Exp., vol. 1, 451. 

Arctomys Missouriensis, Warden, descr. des Etas Unis, v. 5. p. 187. 
Spermophilis ludovicianus, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 319, pi. 99. 
This noisy spermophile is ever on the watch, and at the approach of danger 
commences its barking, if it might be called so, for it resembles much more the 
chirp of a large finch. Seated by the edge of its hole, it keeps up an incessant 
chirping, at the same time jerking its tail. On a nearer approach it disappears 
suddenly into its hole. 

I have shot specimens frequently, but never secured more than one, on account 
of their falling into their holes, which are so deep that it is impossible to extri- 
cate them. I have taken the ramrod of my gun, and with it and my arm reached 
down one of them, and even then was not able to find the bottom. 

These animals live in communities, or " dog-towns," as they are called by the 
trappers and people of the country. They are in many places quite extensive ; 
one that we passed through in western Texas must have been thirty miles in 
extent. Many of these towns are apparently without water. 
Their food appears to be principally grass and insects. 

Their holes are generally situated at regular intervals apart, say from twenty 
to thirty feet. 

I have not always found the owl (Athene hypugcea, Bonap.) and rattlesnake 
(Crotalus) with them. The former occupies the deserted burrows of this animal. 
Their flesh is quite palatable. 



Genus SCIURUS, Linn. 

Sciurus Carolinensis, Gmel. — The Carolina Gray Squirrel. 
Sciurus Carolinensis and cinereus, Gm. Schreb., tab. 313. 

" " Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p 55, pi. 7 

Common in the Indian territory and Texas. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 53 

Sciurus macroureus, Say.— The Great-tailed Squirrel. 

Sciurus macroureus, Say, Long's Exped., vol. 1, p. 115. 

Sciurus magnicaudatus, Harlan, Fauna. Amer., p. 178. 

Sciurus macroureus, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 134. 

Sciurus Sayii, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 247, pi. 79. 
This beautiful squirrel is quite abundant in the timber-lands of the Arkansas 
river and its tributaries. 

Sciurus hudsonicus, Pennant — The Chicaree. 

Sciurus Hudsonicus, Pennant, Arctic Zool., vol. 1, p. 116. 
" Sabine, Franklin's Journey, p. 666. 

Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 138. 
" Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 125, pi. 14. 

Common in the Indian territory. 

Sciurus Abertii, Woodhouse. — Abert's Squirrel. 

Sciurus dorsalis, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., vol. 6, p. 110. 
Sciurus Abertii, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 6. 

Char, essent. — About the size of S. cinereus ; ears large and tufted ; tail about 
as long as the body, very broad, gray above and white beneath ; fur dense and 
soft — gray above, with a broad dorsal line of rich ferruginous brown ; white 
beneath. 

Description. — Head about the size of S. capistratus, and incisors rather broader 
and more prominent than in that species ; ears broad and nearly round, covered 
on both surfaces with hair, very thick posteriorly ; the ear is margined with long 
hairs, forming a tuft ; whiskers numerous and long ; fur long, dense, and very 
fine ; tail long, broad, and flat ; claws long, very strong, and much curved. 

Color — Incisors yellowish-brown; general color above dark-gray, with the 
exception of the dorsal line and a band extending along the external base or hind 
part of the ear, which are of a rich ferruginous brown ; beneath white, with the 
exception of the perineum, which is gray. There is on either side a black line 
dividing the gray and white ; cheeks grayish-white ; tail gray above, with a broad 
white margin, and white beneath ; fur cinereous at base ; the long hairs forming 
the tuft on the margin of the ear are of a black-gray ; feet light-gray, inclining 
to white; nails black; whiskers black ; iris dark-brown. 

Dimensions. — Total length from tip of nose to root of tail 13 inches. 

Total length of tail vertebrae, about 8 " 

Total length of tail to end of hair 11 " 

Total length of os calcis to point of longest nail 2 -& " 

Height of ear anteriorly lnr" 

Height of ear anteriorly to end of hair at tip 2-& " 

Breadth of ear, about 1 " 

From ear to point of nose, about 1^ " 

Habitat. — New Mexico, west of Rio Grande. 



54 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Ohs. — This truly elegant squirrel I procured in the San Francisco mountain, 
during the month of October, where I found it quite abundant, and after leaving 
which place I did not see it again. 

I haye been informed lately by Major Backus, U. S. Army, that they are quite 
numerous near Fort Defiance, in the Navajoe country. 

When I first described this animal in the Academy's proceedings, last June, I 
called it the Sciurus dorsalis, since when I have found that the specific name of 
dorsalis has been occupied by J. E. Gray for one of the same genus. In the 
Academy's proceedings of December I have called it Sciurus Abertii, in honor of 
Col. J. J. Abert, Chief of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, to whose exer- 
tions science is so much indebted. 

Genus HYSTRIX, Linn. 

Hystrix pilosus, Catesby. — The Canada Porcupine. 

Hystrix pilosus Americanus, Catesby, Carol. App., p. 30, An. 1741. 
Hystrix dorsata, Linn, Syst., p. 57, An. 1757. 
Hystrix pilosus, Rich. F. Bor. Amer., p. 214. 
Hystrix dorsata, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 160. 

Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, 277, pi. 36. 
I have met with this animal but once, and that was on the Little Colorado 
river, New Mexico. 



Genus LEPUS, Linn. 

Lepus syevaticus, Bachman. — The Gray Rabbit. 
Lepus Americanus, Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 193. 

Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 157. 
Lepus sylvaticus, Bach. Jour. A. N. Sci., Phila., v. 7, pt. 2, p. 403. 
Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 173, pi. 22. 
Very common in eastern Texas and the Indian territory. 

Lepus Artemisia, Bach. — The Wormwood or Artemisia Hare. 
Lepus artemisia, Bach. Jour. A. N. Sci., Phila., vol. 8, p. 94. 

Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 272, pi. 88. 
This beautiful little hare was found quite abundant in western Texas, particu- 
larly in the valley of the Rio Grande, along which stream I observed it as far as 
we went. Its haunts were along the barrens, among the bushes Lugonichia and 
Larrea Mexicana. 

Lepus caelotis, Wagler. — The Black-tailed Hare. 
Lepus callotis, Wagler, 1832. 
Lepus nigricaudatus, Bennet, Proc. Zool. Sc. Lond., 1833, p. 41. 

Bachm. Jour. A. N. S , Phila., vol. 8, p. 84, An. 1839. 
Lepus callotis, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 95, pi. 63. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 55 

This large and swift hare is known to the Texans as the "jackass rabbit," 
owing to the length of its ears. I first observed it on the Red Fork of the Ar- 
kansas, and from there south it is quite abundant ; also in Texas and New Mexico, 
extending its range to California. Its favorite haunts are in the barren districts 
among the LugonicJiia. 

It is very shy, and it is with the greatest difficulty that a person can get within 
gun-shot of it. On being disturbed, it immediately starts and disappears with 
great rapidity. 



Genus DYCOTYLES, Shaw. 

Dycotyles torqpatus, Cuv. — The Collared Peccary. 
Sus tajassu, Linn, 12 edit., vol. 1, p. 103. 
Aper Americanus, Briss. Eegne. An., p. 3. 
Porcus Moschiferiis, Klein. Quad., p. 25. 
Dycotyles torquatus, F. Cuv. Diet. des. Sc. Nat., torn. 9, p. 518. 

Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 233, pi. 31. 

This animal, known in Texas as the wild hog, is found on the Canadian river, in 
the Indian territory, and from there south becomes quite abundant in Texas. 
It is most numerous near the streams. The flesh is palatable at some seasons of 
the year; but it is necessary, immediately upon its being killed, to remove the 
gland from off the back, which emits a disagreeable odor, which is imparted to the 
flesh if great care is not observed. 



Genus CERVUS, Linn. 

Cervos macrotis, Say. — The Black-tailed or Mule Deer. 
Cervus macrotis, Say, Long's Exp., vol. 2, p. 254. 

Sabine, Franklin's Journey, p. 667. 
11 " Godman, Nat, Hist., vol. 2, p. 305. 

Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 206, pi. 78. 

Common in western Texas and New Mexico, extending to California. 



Cervus Virginianus, Pennant. — The common American Deer. 
Cervus Virginianus, Penn. Syn., p. 51, Quad., vol. 1, p. 104. 
" " Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 239. 

Godman, Nat, Hist , vol. 2, p. 306. 
" " Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 220, pi. 81. 

Very common throughout the Indian territory. In eastern Texas I have seen 
large herds of these animals of over one hundred in number. 



56 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus ELAPHUS, Griffith. 

Ej.aphus Canadensis, Kay. — The American Elk. 

Cervus Canadensis, Ray, Syn. Quad., p. 84. 

Cervus Strongyloceros, Schreber Saugt., vol. 2, p. 1074, pi. 247, fig. G. 

Cervus Canadensis, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, 294. 

Elaphus Canadensis, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 84, pi. 62. 
I have only observed this animal in the Indian territory, but it extends its range 
into Texas, New Mexico, and California. 



Genus ANTILOCAPRA, Ord. 

Antilocapra Americana, Ord. — The Prong-horned Antelope. 

Antilope Americana, Ord, Guthrie's Geog., 1815. 

Cervus liamatus, Blainville, Nouv. Ball. Soc, 1816. 

Antilocapra Americana, Ord, Jour, de Phys., p. 80, 1818. 

Antilope furcifer, Ham. Smith, Linn. Trans., vol. 13, pi. 2, An. 1823. 

Antilope palmata, Smith, Grif. Cuv.,vol. 5, p. 323. 

Antilope Americana, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 321. 

Antilocapra Americana, Aud. and Bach., vol. 2, p. 193, pi. 77 
This beautiful little animal our party frequently saw, and always with admira- 
tion for its gracefulness. Often, as we passed along our route, considerable num- 
bers of this species would gallop around us, or stop and cautiously approach, appa- 
rently induced by curiosity and eagerness to examine such an unusual appear- 
ance ; but on our coming near they would set off at full speed. 

This singular curiosity is taken advantage of by the hunters to decoy them, 
which I have seen done by attaching a red handkerchief to a stick. The hunter 
then creeps through the grass cautiously, and waving the handkerchief above his 
head, generally succeeds in getting within the reach of his rifle ; the little animal 
in the mean time being intent on watching his signal, or even in coming towards 
him. 
It is exceedingly abundant in western Texas, New Mexico, and California. 



Genus OVIS, Linn. 

Ovis Montana, Desm. — The Rocky Mountain Sheep. 

Big Horn of Lewis and Clark, vol. 1, p. 144. 

Moufflon d' Amerique, Desm. Mam., p. 487 

Ovis ammvn, Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 259. 
" " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 329. 

Ovis montana, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 163, pi. 73. 
Found in the mountainous districts of New Mexico, and in California. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 57 



Genus BISON, Pliny. 

Bison Americanus, Gmel. — The American Bison, or Buffalo. 
Taurus Mexicanus, Hernandez, Mex., p. 587, Male, 1651. 
Taureau sauvage, Hennepin, Nov. Discov., vol. 1, p. 186, 1699. 
The buffalo, Lawson's Carolina, p. 115. 
Long's Exp., vol. 3, p. 68. 
Bos Americanus, Linn, S. N., ed. Gmel. 1, p. 204. 
" " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 4. 

" " Kichardson, Fauna B., p. 79. 

Bison Americanus, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 32, pi. 61, 62. 
This noble animal, which is one of the most important of our North American 
quadrupeds — which is almost the sole dependence of the western prairie Indians, 
not only as an article of food, but also for clothing and other conveniences of 
life— is from year to year fast diminishing in numbers, and its range, once so 
extensive, is now quite limited. 

In the year 1850, whilst I was attached to the Creek boundary survey, com- 
manded by Lieut. J. C. Woodruff, Topographical Engineers, U. S. Army, we 
first met with these animals about sixty miles west of the Arkansas river and 
north of the Red Fork. The first we saw were a few old bulls ; but after travel- 
ling one more day, we came among herds, which continued to increase in numbers 
constantly until we arrived at the crossing of the North Fork of the Canadian, 
where they were very numerous. In the spring of the year, I was told that they 
are found within twenty miles of the point where we crossed the Arkansas. I 
Baw the sign of their having been there that spring. 

Their trails were abundant, and looked old, as if they had been used for years 
during their migrations, and were running parallel to each other; but their gene- 
ral direction was north and south. 

On our route across Texas none of these animals were seen, nor was there a 
sign of their having been there for many years, with the exception of the crossing 
of Live Oak creek, where they had evidently been a few years previously; here 
were some of their bones. In all probability they followed down the Pecos river. 
They are now only known in northern Texas, and come occasionally within 
twenty miles of Fredericksburg. 

I have seen a few of these animals tamed in the Creek nation, running with tho 
common cattle. 



BIRDS. 

BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D. 



Genus CATHAETES, Illiger. 

Cathartes Californianus, Shaw. — The Californian "Vulture. 

Cathartes Californicus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, p. 12, pi. 1. 
Vultur Californianus, Shaw, Nat. Misc., vol. 9, pi. 301. 
Cathartes vulturinus, Tern. PL Col , 51. 
But two of these very large vultures came under my observation ; they were in 
the vicinity of San Jose, California. 

It appears to be more solitary and shy in its habits than the C. aura and C. 
fattens. 

Cathartes aura, Linn. — The Red-headed Turkey Vulture. 

Vultur aura, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 9, p. 96. 

Cathartes aura, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, p. 15, pi. 2. 
This species abounds throughout the south and west wherever I have been; 
but between the Rio Grande and Colorado it was quite scarce. 

Cathartes atratus, Wils. — The Black Vulture, or Carrion Crow. 

Vultur atratui, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 9, p. 104. 

Cathartes iota, Bonap. Syn., p. 23. 

Cathartes atratus, Aud., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 3, p. 17. 
The carrion crow and turkey-buzzard are mostly found in company. In San 
Antonio, and in the different towns in Texas, they are quite domestic, lighting on 
the house-tops and walking about the streets picking up the offal, and are seldom 
molested. They are quite abundant thoughout the countries occupied by the 
Creek and Cherokee Nations, and in New Mexico. In the latter country they 
were more scarce, but I observed great numbers in the buffalo country, following 
herds of that animal. 



Genus POLYBORUS, Vieill. 

Polyborus Braziliensis, Gmel. — The Brazilian Caracara. 

Polyborus vulgaris, Vieill, Gal. des Ois, t. 7, Spix. Av. Bras., t. 3. 

Falco cheriway, Jacq. 

Polyborus vulgaris, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 4, p. 21. 
Whilst encamped on the Rio Salado, near San Antonio, Texas, I frequently 
observed that this bird generally associated with the vultures, which birds they 



REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUftl, ETC. 59 

much resemble in their habits, excepting that they are more shy. I have, how- 
ever, approached within a few yards of them whilst on horseback. 



Genus BUTEO, Cuv. 

Boteo borealis, Gmel. — The Red-tailed Buzzard. 

Falco borealis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 76. Adult. 

Falco leverianus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 78. Young. 

Buteo borealis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 7, p. 32. 

Accipiter rujicaudatus, Vieill. 
This beautiful but shy bird I have found abundant from the Gulf of Mexico to 
the Pacific ocean. 

Buteo lineatus, Gmel. — Red-breasted Buzzard. 

Falco lineatus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol 6, p. 86. Adult. 
Falco hyemalis, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 6, p. 73. Young. 
Falco buteoides, Nutt. 

Buteo lineatus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, p. 9, p. 40. 
This noisy bird I found dispersed all over the country south and west, and was 
particularly abundant in the Creek and Cherokee Nations. I have in my collec- 
tion quite interesting series of these birds, in various stages of plumage, showing 
the change that takes place between the young and old birds. 



Genus PANDION, Sav. 

Pandion Halletus, Linn. — The Fish Hawk, or Osprey. 

Falco Halicetus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, pi. 3. 

Falco Caroline?isis, Gmel. Catsby's Carol., pi. 2. 

Pandion Halicetus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 15, p. 64. 
Common along the coasts of Texas and California. 

Genus HALLETUS, Sav. 

Halletus leucocephalus, Linn. — The White-headed or Bald Eagle. 

Falco ossifragus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 16. Young. 

Falco halicetus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 89. Adult. 

Falco pygargus, Dand. 

Halicetus lencoccphalus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 14, p. 57. 
This bird I have never observed very abundant, but saw it occasionally from 
the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific ocean. The feathers of the eagles are prized 
highly by the Indians. Among the Pueblo Indians, particularly those of Zuni, I 
have seen numbers of these birds caged, kept, I believe, for the purpose of pro- 
curing their feathers. 



60 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus FALCO, Linn. 

Falco peregrinus, Linn. — Peregrine Falcon. 

Falco peregrinus, Linn, pi. enl. 430, 421, 470, 469. Pall. Zoogr., t. 4, 5. 

" " Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 9, p. 120. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 20, p. 84. 

Falco barbatus, Linn. 
Falco abietinus, Bechst. 

This beautiful falcon is rare. The specimen in my collection was procured in 
the Creek country. 



Genus HYPOTRIORCHIS, Boie. 

Hypotriorchis Columbarius, Linn. — The Pigeon Hawk. 
Falco Columbarius. — Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 107. 
Falco temerarius, Nutt, Man., vol. 1, p. 61. Adult male. 
Falco Aesalon, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 37. 
Falco Columbarius, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 21, p. 88. 

Common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico ; more par- 
ticularly in the timber lands about streams. 



Genus TINNUNCULUS, Vieill. 

Tinnunculus sparverius, Linn. — The Sparrow Hawk. 
Falco sparverius, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 117. 
Falco gracilis and F. isabellinus, Swains. 
Falco sparverius, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 22, p. 90. 

This familiar little falcon is distributed throughout the Indian territory, Texas 
New Mexico, and California; but it is most abundant in the two former countries. 



Genus NAUCLERUS, Vigors. 

Nauclerus furcatus, Linn. — The Swallow-tailed Kite. 
Falco furcatus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 70. 
Nauclerus furcatus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 18. 

Common in Texas and in the Creek and Cherokee Nations. It appears to 
have a fondness for frequenting streams ; along the Arkansas and its tributaries 
it was very abundant. 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 61 



Genus ICTINIA, Vieill. 

Ictinia plumbea, Lath. — The Mississippi Ictinia, or Kite. 
Falco Mississippicnsis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 80. 
Falco plumb eus, Bonap. Syn., p. 90. 

Milvus cenchris, Vieill, Ois d'Amer., Sept. 1. 10; Spix. Av. Bras., t. 8. 
Ictinia plumbea, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 17. 
In eastern Texas and in the Indian territory I found this bird exceedingly 
abundant, more particularly on the Arkansas river and its tributaries. The stom- 
achs of those which I examined were filled with insects, principally locusts, 
(Cicada.) 



Genus ACCIPITER, Briss. 

Accipiter fuscus, Gmel. — The Sharpshin Hawk. 

Falco Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 13. Adult. 
Falco velox, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 186. Young female. 
Accipiter Pennsylvanicus, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 44. 
Astur fuscus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 25, p. 100. 
This bird I have frequently observed skimming over the prairies whilst in 
search of its prey. Its flight is so peculiar that there is not much chance of 
mistaking it, when taken in connexion with its form, short wings, and long tail, 
being very swift and irregular in its flight — first high in the air, then close to the 
ground, suddenly disappearing among the grass, having seized the object it was 
pursuing. 

Very common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and some portions of 
New Mexico. 



Genus CIRCUS, Lacep. 

Circus cyaneus, Linn. — The Marsh Hawk, or Hen Harrier. 

Falco uliginosus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. vi, p. 67. Young female. 

Falco Hudsonicus, Linn, Vieill Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 9, Bonap. Amer. Orn., 

pi. 12. 
Falco strigiccps, Wils. 

Falco cyaneus, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 30. 
Buteo (Circus) cyaneus? var. 1 Americanus, Swains' and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., 

vol. 2, p. 55. 
Circus cyaneus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 26, p. 105. 
This species I have met with abundantly from the Mississippi river to the 
Pacific ocean, and throughout the summer, showing conclusively that it breeds in 
these different sections of country, although I have not been so fortunate as to 
find its nest. 



62 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus ATHENE, Boie. 

Athene HYPUGiEA, Bonap. — The Burrowing Owl. 
Strix cunicularia, Say, in Long's Exp., vol. 1, p. 200. 
" " Bonap. Ainer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 68; note, p. 72, suggests the 

name of Strix liypugaa. 
Surnia cunicularia, Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 31, p. 119. 
Athene socialis, Gamb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., vol. 3, p. 47. 
This bird I have found abundantly west of the Arkansas river ; in western 
Texas and New Mexico, east of the Rio Grande, west of which I have never 
seen it ; residing mostly in the forsaken burrows of the prairie-dog, Spermo- 
philis ludovicianus. However, I have frequently found them both by themselves — 
the marmots being where there was apparently no water to be found. The owls, 
on the contrary, are always in the vicinity of water. I have frequently found 
them in villages by themselves. They are mostly to be seen standing on the 
little hillock of earth by the edge of the burrows; then, again, with nothing but 
their heads sticking above ground. On being approached, they commence chat- 
ting and bowing, presenting quite a ludicrous appearance. On a nearer approach 
they either disappear into their burrows or skim over the plain for some distance, 
alighting at the entrance of another burrow, where they again commence their 
chattering. 



Genus BUBO, Sibbald. . 

Bubo Virginianus, Gmel. — The Great Horned Owl. 
Strix Virginiana, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 52. 
Bubo pinicola, Vieill, Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 19. 
Bubo arcticus, Rich, and Swains. F. Bor. Amer., pi. 30. 
Bubo Virginianus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 39, p. 143. 
This powerful and spirited species I did not find abundant, having seen but few 
of them in the Creek and Cherokee country; most abundant in the timber lands 
of the Arkansas river and its tributaries ; also in Texas. 



Genus EPHIALTES, Keyserling and Blasins. 

Ephialtes asio, Linn. — The little Screech Owl. 
Strix asio, Linn, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 132. 

" " Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 83. 
Strix nevia, Gmel. Wils. Amer, Orn., vol. 3, p. 16. Adult. 
Bubo asio, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 40, p. 147. 
Scops Carolinensis, Briss. Vieill. Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 21. 
This beautiful and noisy little horned owl was very abundant in the Indian ter- 
ritory, being always found in the vicinity of timber. I did not find it common in 
Texas. 






ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 63 



Genus SYRNIUM, Savigny. 

Syrnium nebulosum, Gmel.— The Barred Owl. 
Strix nebulosa, Gmel, Syst. Nat., 6, p. 291. 
Strix Fernandica, Shaw, Gen. Zool. 
Strix nebulosa, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. vi, p. 61. 
Syrnium nebulosum, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 36, p. 132. 
The barred owl I have found very abundant in the timbered lands bordering the 
various streams in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. It is easily 
recognised by its peculiar laughing hoot. 



Genus CAPRIMULGUS, Linn. 

Caprimulgus Caroiinensis, Briss. — Chuck-will's-widow. 

Caprimulgus Caroiinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 95. 

Caprimulgus rufus, Vieill, Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 23. 

Caprimulgus Caroiinensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 41, p. 51. 
Common in the Creek and Cherokee country, extending into Texas and New 
Mexico. 

Caprimulgus Nuttallii, Aud. — Nuttall's Whip-poor-will. 

Caprimulgus Nuttallii, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 7, pi. 495, p. 350. 

As we passed down the Little Colorado river, New Mexico, I found this bird 
quite abundant; also in the San Francisco mountain, near the same river. There 
are in the collection made by me males and females of this species, the plumage 
of which is the same. 



Genus CHORDEILES, Swains. 

Chordeiles Virginianus, Briss. — The Night Hawk. 

Caprimulgus Americanus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 65. 

Caprimulgus popetue, Vieill. Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 24. 

Chordeiles Virginianus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi 43, p. 159. 
This bird I have found throughout the south and west, from the Mississippi 
river to the Pacific ocean, and quite abundant. 



Genus ACANTHYLIS, Boie. 

Acanthylis pelasgia, Linn. — The American Swift, or Spine-tail. 
Hirundo pelasgia, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 48. 
Checetura pelasgia, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 44, p. 164. 
Very common throughout Ihe Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and Cali- 
fornia. 



64 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Acanthylis saxatalis, Woodhouse. — The Eock Swift, or Spine-tail. 

Head and rump white ; back, tail, wings, and sides black, beneath white ; upper 
tail-coverts black ; under coverts white. About the size of A. pelasgia, and in 
its mode of flight the same. 

This beautiful swift I saw whilst encamped at Inscription Rock, New Mexico. 
Being on the top of this high rock at the time without my gun, I was unable to 
procure specimens. I had a fair view of the birds at this time, as they flew close 
tome. I descended immediately and procured my gun; but the birds by this 
time flew too high for me to be able to procure a shot at them. They were 
breeding in the crevices of the rocks. I was still in hopes of seeing them again 
along our route, but I had not this pleasure, it being the only place that I have 
observed them. 



Genus HIRUNDO, Linn. 

Hirundo thalassina, Swains. — Violet Green Swallow. 

Hirundo thalassina, Swains. Syn. of Mex. Birds, Phil. Mag. for 1827, p. 365. 
44 " Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 1, pi. 49, p. 186. 

This beautiful species I found most abundant in New Mexico, west of the Rio 
Grande. 

Hirundo lunifrons, Say. — The Republican or Cliff Swallow. 
Hirundo lunifrons, Say, in Long's Exp., vol. 2, p. 47. 
Hirundo fulva, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 63. 

" Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 47, p. 177. 

This species is very common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, New 
Mexico, and California. Whilst at Fort Gibson, on the Neosho river, in the spring 
of 1850, I was much amused by the perseverance of these birds. They had 
taken possession of a shed in front of the adjutant's office to build their nests. 
The continual noise and dirt made by them rendered them rather annoying, and 
their nests were all destroyed ; but they commenced rebuilding them immedi- 
ately, and they were destroyed a number of times before they could be got rid of 
entirely. 

Hirundo rufa, Vieill. — The Barn Swallow. 

Hirundo rufa, Vieill, Ois d'Amer. Sept., 1, t. 60. 
Hirundo Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 34. 

" Swains' and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 329. 

Hirundo rustica, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 48, p. 181. 

This species is common throughout some portions of the Indian territory, 
Texas, and New Mexico ; in the vicinity of Santa Fe quite abundant. I have 
found this and the H. lunifrons flying about together, pursuing their food, whilst 
on the prairies north of the Red Fork of the Arkansas river. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 65 

Hirundo bicolor, Vieill. — The White-bellied Swallow. 

Hirundo viridis, Wils. Amer. Ora., vol. 3, p. 44. 

Hirundo bicolor, Vieill. Ois d'Amer. Sept., 1, t. 31. 

" " And. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 46, p. 175. 

Found throughout the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California 



Genus PEOGNE, Boie. 

Progne purpurea, Linn. — The Purple Martin. 

Hirundo cceridea, Vieill. Ois. d'Amer. Sept., t. 26, 27. 

Hirundo purpurea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 58. 

" Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 yo., vol. 1, pi. 45, p. 170. 

Common in the Indian territory and Texas. 



Genus COTYLE, Boie. 

Cotyle riparia, Linn. — The Bank or Sand Swallow. 
Hirundo riparia, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 46. 

" Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 50, p. 187. 
Common in the Indian territory, and in some parts of New Mexico. 



Genus CERYLE, Boie. 

Ceryle alcyon, Linn. — The Belted King Fisher. 
Alcedo alcyon, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 59. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pi. 255, p. 205 
Very common in the Indian territory and Texas. In New Mexico and Califor- 
nia it is not quite so abundant. 

Ceryle Americana, Gmel. — The American King Fisher. 

Alcedo Americana, Gmel. pi. enl. 591. 

Alcedo viridis, Vieill, Azara, No. 421. 
Abundant in Texas, along some of the tributaries of the Rio Grande 



Genus MELLISUGA, Brisa 

Mellisuga colubris, Linn. — The Ruby-throated Humming Bird. 
Trochilus colubris, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 46. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 253, p. 190. 
Very abundant throughout the Indian territory and Texas. 
5 



REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus POLYTMUS, Boie. 

Folytmus rdfus, Less. — The Nootka Humming Bird. 

Polytmus rufus, Less. Eev. Zool. 1840, p. 73. 

Trochilus rufus, Gmel. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 497. 

Trochilus (Selaspfwrus) rufus, Swains, and Eich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 324 

Selasphorus rufus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 234, p. 200. 
This charming little bird I found abundant in New Mexico, particularly in the 
vicinity of Santa Fe. Numbers of them were to be seen daily in front of our 
quarters, where they came to feed among the flowers of the Cleome integrifolia, 
T. and G. , which grows in great abundance about this town and throughout New 
Mexico, and affords them their favorite object of food. For such a small bird it 
makes a great noise, and the male birds appear to be quite quarrelsome and pug- 
nacious. 

Genus CERTHIA, Linn. 

Certhia familiaris, Linn. — The Brown Tree Creeper. 
Certhiafamiliaris, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 322. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, p. 109. 
Certhia Americana, Bonap. 
Generally distributed throughout the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and 
California. I found it very abundant in the San Francisco mountain, New Mexico , 

Genus SITTA, Linn. 

Sitta Carolinensis, Lath. — The Carolina Nuthatch. 

Sitta Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 10. 

Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 247, p. 175. 

Sitta melanocephala, Vieill, Gal. des Ois, t. 171. 
Common from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific ocean. 

Sitta pygmea, Vigors. — The California Nuthatch. 

Sitta pygmea, Vigors, Zool. Beechy's Voy., p. 25, pi. 4, fig. 2. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 250, p. 184. 
I found these birds abundant, feeding in the pines of the San Francisco mount- 
ain, New Mexico. At no other place did I observe them. 

Genus TROGLODYTES, Vieill. 

Troglodytes obsoletus, Say. — The Rock Wren. 
Troglodytes obsoletus, Say, Long's Exp. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 116, p. 113. 
The only place where this bird has come under my observation was about the 
San Francisco mountain, New Mexico. 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 67 

Troglodytes ludovicianus, Lath. — The Great Carolina Mocking Wren. 

Troglodytes ludovicianus, Licht. pi. enl., 730, fig. 3. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 117, p. 116. 

Certhia Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 61. 
Common throughout Texas and the Indian territory. 

Troglodytes Bewickii, Aud. — Bewick's Wren. 

Troglodytes Bewickii, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pi. 118, p. 120. 

Abundant in the Indian territory, particularly in the timber, keeping about the 
rocks, old logs, aud bushes. It is continually in motion, jumping about, and utter- 
ing at the same time the usual scold of the wrens when approached. 

Troglodytes jedon, Vieill. — The House Wren. 

Troglodytes cedon, Vieill. Ois d'Amer., t. 107. 

" Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pi. 120, p. 125. 

Sylvia domestica, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 129. 
Common throughout the Indian territory and Texas. 



Genus REGULUS, Cuv. 

Regulus satrapa, Licht. — The Gold-crested Kinglet. 
Sylvia regulus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 126. 
Regulus rubineus, Vieill, Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 104, 105. 
Regulus tricolor, Nutt. Man., vol 1, p. 420. 

Regulus satrapa, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 132, p. 165. 
This active little bird I found abundant, associated in company with the titmice, 
nuthatches, aud creepers; always lively, pursuing small insects. Common in the 
Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 

Regulus calendula, Linn. — The Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 

Sylvia calendula, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 155. 

Regulus calendula, Bonap. Syn., p. 91. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 133, p. 168. 
Very abundant in Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian territory. 



Genus CULICIVORA, Swains. 

Culicivora ccerula, Gmel. — The Blue-gray Gnat-catcher. 
Motacilla cana, Gmel. 

Muscicapa coiralca, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 164. 
Culicivora coerulea, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 1, pi. 70, p. 244. 
This industrious little gnat-catcher I found abundant throughout Texas and the 
Indian territory, particularly among the thickets bordering on streams. It was 
always to be recognised by its well-known note. 



68 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus SIALIA, Swains. 

Sialia Wilsonii, Swains. — The common Blue Bird. 

Motacilla sialis, Linn. 

Sylvia sialis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 56. 

Saxicola sialis, Bonap. Syn., p. 39. 

Ampelis sialis, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 444. 

Erythaca (Sialia) Wilsonii, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 210. 

Sialia Wilsonii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 134, p. 171. 
This interesting bird I found common in the Indian territory and Texas. 

Sialia. occidentalis, Towns. — The Western Blue Bird. 
Sialia occidentalis, Towns. Jour. A. N. S., Phila., v. 7, p. 188. 
" " Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 135, p. 176. 

This bird, which was discovered by my friend, Doctor J. K. Townsend, re- 
sembles much in its habits our common kind. I found it excessively abundant in 
New Mexico ; also common in California. 

Sialia arctica, Swains. — The Arctic Blue Bird. 
Erythaca (sialia) arctica, Swains, and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 209. 
Sialia arctica, Nutt. Man., vol. 2, p. 573. 

" Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 136, p. 178. 
These birds, I observed, were quite common about Santa Fe, where they breed 
about the houses in boxes put up by the inhabitants for that purpose. 



Genus PARUS, Linn. 

Parus atricapillus, Linn. — The Black-capped Tit, or Chicadee. 
Parus atricapillus, Briss. Orn., 3, t. 29, fig. 1. 

" " Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 124. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 126, p. 146.- 

Common in the Indian territory. 

Parus montanus, Gamb. — The Rocky Mountain Chicadee. 

Parus montanus, Gamb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Phila., vol. 1, p. 259. 

This species, discovered by my friend Doctor Gambel, I found quite abundant 
in the San Francisco mountain, New Mexico. It was feeding among the tall 
pines, in company with the other chicadees, and the Regulus calendula and satrapa. 

Genus LOPHOPHANES, Kaup. 

Lophophanes bicolor, Linn. — The Great Crested Chicadee. 
Pamsbicolor, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 137. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 125, p. 143. 
Common in the Indian territory. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 69 

Lophophanes inornatus, Gamb. — The Plain Chicadee. 
Parus inornatus, Gamb. Proc. A. N. Sc, Phila., 1845, p. 265. 
Gamb. Jour. A. N. Sc, Phila. 
The plain chicadee I observed for the first time in the San Francisco mountain, 
near the Little Colorado river, New Mexico, where it was quite abundant, feeding 
among the tall pines, in company with the Sitta pygmoca, S. Carolinensis, and Parus 
montanus. 

Lohophanes atricristatus, Cassin. — The Black Crested Chicadee. 
Parus atricristatus, Cassin, Proc, Acad. N. S., Phila., vol. 5, p. 103. 
" " Cassin, Birds of Cal. and Texas, vol. 1, pi. 3. 

Whilst encamped on the Rio Salado, Texas, near San Antonio, in the spring of 
1851, 1 observed this beautiful chicadee busily engaged feeding among the trees 
on the bank of the stream. Like the rest of its family, it was always in motion, 
and very noisy. At our camp at Quihi, on the eighth of May, I found these birds 
very abundant, feeding among the oaks. The young males, which then were full 
grown, much resemble the females, the latter wanting the black crest 



Genus MNIOTILTA, Vieill. 

Mniotilta varia, Linn. — The Black and White Creeper. 

Certhia varia, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 23. 

Mniotilta varia, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 114, p. 105. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 



Genus SYLVANIA, Nutt. 

Sylva.via mitrata, Lath.— The Hooded Fly-catching Warbler. 
Muscicapa cucidlata, Wils. Amer. Orn.. vol. 3, p. 101. 
Sylvia mitrata, Bonap. Syn., p. 79. 

Myiodioctes mitrata, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pi. 71, p. 12. 
Very common in the Indian territory, keeping along streams in the dense 
thickets, continually in motion, busily engaged in pursuing insects. Common 
also in Texas. 

Sylvania Wilson ri, Bonap.— The Green Black-capped Fly-catching Warbler. 

Muscicapa pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 103. 

Sylvia Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn., p. 86. 

Myiodioctes Wilsonii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 75, p. 21. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 



70 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Sylvania Formosa, Wils. — The Kentucky Fly-catching Warbler. 
Sylvia formosa, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 3, p. 85. 

Myiodioctes formosus, Aud. Birds of Arner., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 74, p. 19. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory, frequenting the borders of streams 
whose banks are covered with low bushes, procuring its insect prey. 



Genus SYLVICOLA, Swains. 

Sylvicola estiva, Gmel. — The Yellow Poll Wood Warbler. 

Sylvia citrinella, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 2. 

Sylvia cestira, Bonap. Syn., p. 83. 

Sylvia childrenii, Aud. Om. Biog., vol. 1, p. 180. Young. 

Sylvicola astiva, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pi. 88, p. 50. 
Abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Sylvicola virens, Gmel. — The Black-throated Green Wood Warbler, 

Sylvia virens, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 127. 

Sylvicola virens, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pi. 84, p. 42. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Sylvicola striata, Lath. — The Black Poll Wood Warbler. 

Sylvia striata, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 40. 

Sylvicola striata, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pi. 78, p. 28. 
Common in the Indian territory and Texas. 



Sylvicola ccerulea, Wils. — The Ccerulean Wood Warbler. 

Sylvia ccerulea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 104. Male. 

Sylvia rara, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 119. Young. 

Sylvia azurea, Bonap. Syn., p. 85. 

Sylvicola cozrulea, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo , vol. 2, pi. 86, p. 45. 
This beautiful little wood warbler, so rare in the eastern and middle States, is 
quite common in Texas and the Creek and Cherokee countries. In the latter 
countries it breeds; there I obtained both old and young. Its nest I have 
never found. It was quite abundant in the timber of the Arkansas river and its 
tributaries. 



Sylvicola pinus, Linn. — The Pine Creeping Wood Warbler. 

Sylvia pinus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 25. 

Sylvia Vigorsii, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 1, p. 153. Young. 

Sylvicola pinus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 82, p. 37. 
Common in Texas and New Mexico. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 71 

Sylvicola canadensis, Linn. — The Black-throated Blue Wood Warbler. 

Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 334. 

Sylvia canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 115. Male. 

Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 100. Young. 

Sylvia sphagnosa, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 406. Young. 

Sylvicola canadensis, Aud. Om., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 95, p. 63. 
Abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. 



Sylvicola coronata, Linn. — The Yellow-rump Wood Warbler. 

Sylvicola coronata, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 76, p. 23. 

Motacilla umbria, Linn. pi. enl., 709, fig. 1. 

Sylvia coronata, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 138. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and in some portions of New Mexico. 

Sylvicola Americana, Linn. — The Yellow-backed Wood Warbler. 

Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 17. 

Sylvia torquata, Vieill. Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 99. 

Motacilla ludoviciana, Gmel. Bris. Orn., 3, t. 26, fig. 4. 

Sylvicola Americana, Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 91, p. 57. 
Yery abundant in Texas and the Indian country. In the latter country it 
breeds. 



Sylvicola Audubonii, Towns. — Audubon's Wood Warbler. 
Sylvia Audubonii, Towns. Jour. A. N. Sc, Phila., vol. 7, p. 190. 
Sylvicola Audubonii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 77, p. 26. 
This handsome wood warbler is abundant throughout New Mexico and Califor • 
nia, confining itself principally to the timbered mountainous districts. I observed 
it very abundant in the San Francisco mountain, New Mexico, feeding among the 
tall pines. It much resembles in its habits the S. coronata. 



Genus TRICHAS, Swains. 

Trichas Marilandicus, Briss.— The Maryland Yellow Throat, or Ground War- 
bler. 
Sylvia Marilandica, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 88. Male. 

Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 163. Female. 
Sylvia Roscoe, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 1, p. 124. Young. 
Trichas pcrsonatus, Swains. 

Trichas Marilandicus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 102, p. 78. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 



72 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus VERMIVORA, Swains. 

Vermivora protonotarius, Wils. — The Prothonotary Worm-eating Warbler. 

Sylvia protonotarius, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 72. 

Helinaia protonotarius, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 106, p. 89. 
Very abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. In the latter country it 
breeds. 

Vermivora solitaria, Wilson. — The Blue-winged Yellow Worm-eating War- 
bler. 

Sylvia solitaria, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 109. 

Helinaia solitaia, Aud. Orn , 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 3, p. 98. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. In the latter country it breeds. 

Genus TURDUS, Linn. 

Tordus solitarius, Wils. — The Hermit Thrush. 
Turdus solitarius, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 95. 
Turdus minor, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 364. 

Merula solitaria, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 184. 
Turdus solitarius, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol 3, pi. 146, p. 29. 
This bird I found common throughout Texas, the Indian territory, and New 
Mexico. 

Turdus migratorius, Linn. — The Migratory Thrush, or Robin. 
Turdus migratorius. Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 35. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 142, p. 14. 
I have found the robin from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific ocean. In the 
San Francisco mountain, New Mexico, it was quite abundant. 

Turdus mus.telinus, Gmel. — The Wood Thrush. 

Turdus melodus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 35. 

Turdus mustelinus, Bonap. Syn., p. 75. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 144, p. 24. 

Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Genus MIMUS, Boie. 

Mimus polyglottus, Linn. — The Gray Mocking Thrush. 

Turdus polyglottus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 14. 

Orpheus leucopterus, Vigors. 

Orpheus polyglottus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 138, p. 187. 
This charming songster is abundant in Texas and the Indian territory, and on 
the Rio Grande as far as El Paso, but rare in New Mexico. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 73 

Mimds montanos, Towns.— The Rocky Mountain Mocking Thrush. 
Orpheus montanus, Towns. Jour. Acad. N. S., Phila., vol. 7, p. 192. 
" Aud. Birds of Anier., 8 vo., vol. 2, pi. 139, p. 194. 

This interesting species I first observed in the Zuni mountain, New Mexico, 
and throughout that country it was quite abundant. I regret not having heard 
its song ; but being late in the season, it was silent. 

Mimus rufus, Linn. — The Ferruginous Mocking Thrush. 

Tardus rufus, Wils. Amer. On., vol. 2, p. 83. 

Orpheus rufus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 141, p. 9. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 



Genus ICTERIA, Vieill. 

Icteria viridis, Gmel. — The Yellow-breasted Chat. 
Pipra polyglotta, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 90. 
Icteria viridis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 224, p. 160. 
This exceedingly interesting and beautiful bird I have met with abundantly 
throughout Texas and the Indian territory, and in some parts of New Mexico. 
In the vicinity of the pueblo of Zuni it is a common species. 



Genus TYRANNUS, Cuv. 

Tyrannus intrepidus, Vieill. — The King Bird, or Great Tyrant 
Lanius tyrannus, Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 136. 
Muscicapa tyrannus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 66. 

" Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 1, pi. 56, p. 204. 

Very common in Texas and the Indian territory. 



Genus MILVULUS, Swains. 

Mii.vulus forficatus, Gmel. — The Red-shouldered Swallow-tailed Fly-catcher. 
Muscicapa forjicata, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 15. 

Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 275. 
Milvulus forficatus, Aud. Birds of yVmer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 53, p. 197. 
This beautiful and singular bird I found common in Texas, particularly about the 
town of San Antonio. It would alight upon the top of a mesquite tree (Algarobia) 
or bush, then suddenly start off with a harsh chirping note, circle through the 
air, expanding and contracting its beautiful flowing tail, eagerly pursuing its in- 
sect prey. 

In the Indian territory it was also common, particularly near the Cross Timbers. 
I found it breeding, in the beginning of the month of July, on the Great Prairie. 
Its nest was placed on the horizontal branch of a small scrub oak, ( Quercus) 



74 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

about six feet from the ground, and was composed of coarse dry grass and sticks. 
It contained four young ones nearly able to fly. On my approach, the female 
flew, alighting on a bush near by. The male bird flew to a great height, circling 
round in the air apparently watching my movements, and at the same time utter- 
ing his coarse chirp as if scolding me. 



Genus TYEANNULA, Swains. 

Tyrannula crinita, Linn. — The Great-crested Fly-catcher. 

Muscicapa crinita, "Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 75. 

Tyrannus viritabilis, Vieill. 

Muscicapa ludoviciana, Ginel. Vieill. Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 45. 

Muscicapa crinita, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 57, p. 209. 
Very abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Tyrannula Saya, Bonap. — Say's Tyrant Fly-catcher. 

Tyrannulu pallida, Swains, and Eich. F. Bor. Amer., pi. 45. 
Tyrannula Saya, Swains, and Eich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 142. 
Muscicapa Saya, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 1, pi. 49, p. 217. 
I observed this bird frequently in western Texas and New Mexico. In its 
habits it much resembles our common pewee, (T.fusca) but is more silent and 
shy. 

Tyrannula nunciola, Wils. — The Pewee Fly-catcher. 

Muscicapa nunciola, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 78. 

Muscicapa fusca, Bonap. Syn., p. 68. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 68, p. 223. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Tyrannula virens, Linn. — The Wood Pewee. 

Muscicapa rapax, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 81. 

Muscicapa virens, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 285. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 64, p. 231. 

Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Tyrannula acadica, Gmel. — The Small Green-crested Fly-catcher. 

Muscicapa qucrula, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 77. 

Muscicapa acadica, Bonap. Syn., p. 68. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 62, p. 221. 
Common in Texas, New Mexico, and the Iudian territory. 






Tyrannula Traillii, Aud.— Traill's Fly-catcher. 

Muscicapa virens, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 1, p. 236 ; vol. 5, p. 426. 

Muscicapa Traillii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 65, p. 234. 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 75 



Genus PYEOCEPHALUS, Gould. 

Pyrocephalus nanus, Gould. — The Dwarf Fly-catcher. 
Pyocephalus nanus, Gould. Voyage of the Beagle, pi. 7. 

This beautiful little fly-catcher I met with, for the first and only time, near the 
settlement of Quihi, in Texas, in the month of May; it was feeding in the thickets. 
I did not hear its note when I procured the specimen, which was a male. 



Genus SETOPHAGA, Swains. 

Setophaga ruticilla, Gmel. — The American Eedstart. 
Muscicapa ruticilla, Gmel. Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 103. 

« " " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 63, p. 240. 

Common in Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian territory. 



Genus VIEEO, Vieill. 

Vireo flavifrons, Gmel. — The Yellow-throated Greenlet. 

Muscicapa sylvicola, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 117. 

Vireo flavifrons, Gmel. Vieill. Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 54. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 238, p. 141 
Very abundant in Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian territory. 

Vireo noveboracencis, Gmel. — The White-eyed Greenlet. 
Muscicapa cantatrix, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 266. 
Vireo noveboracencis, Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 240, p. 146. 
This interesting and noisy little greenlet is found abundant in Texas, New 
Mexico, and the Indian territory, frequenting the thickets bordering on the 
streams. 

Vireo atricapilla, Woodhouse. — The Black-capped Greenlet. 

Vireo atricapilla, Woodhouse, Proc. Ac. N. Sc, Phila., vol. vi, p. 60. 
Form. — Eobust ; wings short and slightly rounded; first quill short, third longest ; 
tail extending about one inch beyond the closed wings. 

Dimensions. — Total length from tip of bill to tip of tail 4^ inches. 

Extent of wings 7£ " 

Length of wing from flexure 2-fc " 

Length of tail 1-&- " 

Colors. — Head above black, which color extends over the cheeks and ears to 
the base of the lower mandible; a white ring encircles the eye, and then forms a 
broad band extending to the nares. The plumage of the back is dark olive-green, 
slightly tipped with black, and gradually becoming lighter over the rump and tail 



76 REPORT OP AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

cov rts ; wings and tail dark brown, inclining to black, with their outer margin 
light olive ; greater and lesser wing coverts broadly tipped with dingy white. 
The primaries have a white line extending along their inner edge ; throat, belly, 
and vent, white; sides very light yellow; iris bright red; bill, tarsi, and feet, 
black. 

Hal/itat. — Western Texas. 

On the twenty-sixth of May, 1851, while encamped on the Eio San Pedro, 
within about ten miles of its source, I was out in pursuit of specimens. Wandering 
about the hills among some cedars (Juniperus) my attention was first attracted by a 
singular note, which I am unable to describe ; on looking I discovered this beauti- 
ful little bird, which I at first took to belong to that interesting family of fly-catching 
wood warblers Sylvania, it being continually in motion. It was with the greatest 
difficulty that I could procure specimens ; two, however, I secured, both of which, 
on dissection, proved to be males. 

Vireo gilvus, Vieill. — The Warbling Greenlet. 

Muscicapa melodia, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 85. 

Vireo gilvus, Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 241, p. 149. 
Common in Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian territory. 

Vireo olivaceus, Linn. — The Red-eyed Greenlet. 

Muscicapa olivacca, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 55. 

Vireo olivaceus, Swains, and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 233. 
Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 243, p. 155. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 

Vireo Bellii, Aud. — Bell's Vireo, or Greenlet. 

Vireo Bellii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 7, pi. 485. 
This interesting little greenlet I found abundant in Texas. 

Genus PTILOGONYS, Swains. 

Ptilogonys Townsendii, Aud. — Townsend's Ptilogonys. 

Ptilogonys Townsendii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pi. 69, p. 243. 

Of this singular bird, which has been almost unknown in collections, I obtained 
several specimens, both male and female. I saw it for the first time in the Zuni 
mountain, and from there west found it exceedingly abundant. Its food appeared 
to be principally berries, and in many places it was common among the cedars, 
(Juniperus) upon the berries of which they were feeding. I am unable to detect 
any difference in the plumage between the sexes. 

Genus LANIUS, Linn. 

Lanius ludovicianus, Linn. — The Loggerheaded Shrike. 

Lanius ludovicianus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 237, p. 135 

Lanius Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 57. 
Very abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 77 

Lanius excubitoroides, Swains. — The American G ly R^n^e. 

Lanius excubitoroides, Swaius. aud Eich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 115, pi. 34. 
This beautiful shrike I found very abundant in Texas. 



Genus CYANOCORAX, Boie. 

Cyanocorax crist atus, Linn. — The Blue Jay. 

Corvus crist atus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 2. 

Garrulus cristatus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 231, p. 110J 
Common in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Cyanocorax Stelleri, Gmel. — The Stellers Jay. 
Corvus Stelleri, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 370. 

Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 44. 
Garrulus Stelleri, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pi. 230, p. 107. 
This beautiful jay was quite abundant throughout New Mexico. I principally 
found it among the pines on the mountains. 

Cyanocorax Californica, Vigors. — The California Jay. 
Garrulus Californicus, Vigors, Zool. Beechy's Voyage. 
Garrulus ultramarinus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 232, p. 115. 
Cyanocitta superciliosus, Strick. Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1845. 
This bird, for a long time, has been by many ornithologists confounded with the 
Mexican species, C. ultramarinus, described by Bonaparte ; from which it differs 
not only in size, being much smaller, but also in color and markings. 

Wherever I found the pinon or nut-pine (Pinus edulis, Eng.) growing in New 
Mexico, this bird was sure to be there in great numbers, feeding upon the fruit 
of these trees. Among the men it was known as the pinon bird. Its note is 
harsh and disagreeable. It was extremely restless, being continually in motion 
flying from tree to tree, uttering its well-known cry. 



Genus PICA, Briss. 

Pica hudsoxica, Sabine. — The Common Magpie. 

Corvus pica, Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 157. 

Pica melanolcuca, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pi. 227, p. 99. 
I have observed but few of these birds, and they were in New Mexico. 

Pica Nuttallii, Aud. — Nuttall's Yellow-billed Magpie. 

Pica Nuttallii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 228, p. 104. 

During the month of January, 1852, whilst passing from San Francisco to San 
Jose, in California, I for the first time saw this beautiful magpie, which was 
discovered by my friend, Mr. Thos. Nuttall, who has spent much time in this 



78 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

portion of the country, and to whose indefatigable labor in the advancement of 
the natural sciences of the country we are so much indebted. It appeared to be 
quite tame, and was very abundant. Associated with it were numerous black- 
birds, (Quiscalus;) all of whom were feeding on the ground, evidently hunting 
worms. 

Genus CORVUS, Linn. 

Corvus corax, Linn. — The Raven. 
Corvus corax, Linn., pi. enl. 495. 
Corvus maximus, Scop. Gould. B. of Eur., pi. 220. 
Corvus clericus, Sparrm. Mus. Carls., t. 2. 
Corvus corax, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 224, p. 78. 
Very abundant in Texas, the Indian territory, New Mexico, and California. On 
the great prairies, in the buffalo range, I found it exceedingly abundant. 

Corvus Americanus, Aud. — The American Crow. 

Corvus corone, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 79. 

Swains, and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 291. 

Corvus Americanus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 325, p. 87. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 

Corvus ossifragus, Wills. — The Fish Crow. 

Corvus ossifragus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 27. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 226, p. 94. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California. 



Genus STURNELLA, Vieill. 

Sturnella neglecta, Aud. — The Missouri Meadow Lark. 
Sturnella neglecta, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 7, plate 489. 

This pretty starling, which is so abundant on the great prairies in the Indian 
territory, also in Texas and New Mexico, in its habits and mode of flight I could 
not distinguish it from the S. tudovicianus. 



Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS, Swains. 

Scolecophagus ferrugineus, Wils. — The Rusty Maggot-eater. 

Gracula ferruginea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 41. 

Chalcophanes virescens, Wagler. 

Oriolus leucocephalus, Lath. 

quiscalus ferrugineus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 222, p. 65. 
I found this species very abundant in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, 
and California. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 79 



Genus QUISCALUS, Vieill. 

Quiscalus major, Vieill. — The Great Crow Blackbird. 
Quiscalus major, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 35. 

Aud. Orn., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 220, p. 82. 

This large and beautiful blackbird I have found abundant throughout the In- 
dian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California. 

Quiscalus purpureus, Licht. — The Purple Coat-tail Grade. 
Gracula quiscala, "Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 44. 
Quiscalus nitenus, Licht. 

Quiscalus versicolor, Swains, and Eich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 485. 
Aud. Orn., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 221, p. 58. 

Abundant in Texas, New Mexico, the Indian territory, and California 



Genus XANTHORNUS, Cuv. 

Xanthornus varius, Gmel. — The Orchard Hangnest. 
Oriolus castaneus, Lath. 

Oriolus mutatus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 64. 
Pendulinus solitarius et P. viridis, Vieill. 
Icterus spurius, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pi. 119, p. 46. 

Abundant in the Indian territory. 

Xanthornus affinis, Lawrence. — The Lesser Orchard Oriole. 
Zanthornus affinis, Law. Anal. Lye. N. York, No. 3, vol. 5. 

This bird differs from the X varia only in size, the color and general appear- 
ance being the same. I found it numerous and breeding in Texas, 



Genus YPHANTES, Vieill. 

Yphantes Baltimore, Lino. — The Baltimore Hangnest. 
Oriolus Baltimore, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 23. 
Icterus minor, Briss. 
Icterus Baltimore, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 217, p. 37. 



Common in the Indian territory and in Eastern Texas. 



SO REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus MOLOTHRUS, Swains. 

Molothrus pecoris, Gmel. — The Common Crowbird. 

Icterus emberizoides, Daud. 

Sturnus junceti, Lath. 

Emberiza pecoris, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 145. 

Molothrus pecoris, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 277. 
Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 212, p. 16. 
Common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and Calfomia. 



Genus AGELAIUS, Vieill. 

Agelaius xanthocephalus, Bonap. — The Saffron-headed Blackbird. 
Icterus icterocephalus, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 27. 
Agelaius zanthocephalus, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 281. 
Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 213, p. 24. 
In the spring of the year this beautiful bird is abundant throughout Texas, the 
Indian territory, and California : in the latter country I observed it in January, 
near San Francisco, California. 

Agelaius phceniceus, Linn. — The Red and Yellow Winged Marsh Blackbird. 
Sturnus prccdatorius, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 30. 
Icterus phamiceus, Bonap. Syn., p. 52. 

Agelaius phmniceus, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 280. 
Oriolus melancolicus, var. Lath., pi. enl. 448. 
Agelaius phceniceus, Aud. Orn., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 44, p. 3L 
Abundant throughout the country wherever marshes exist, in Texas, New 
Mexico, and in the Indian territory. I found them also in the San Francisco 
mountain, near the Laguna Enematio. 

Agelaius tricolor, Audub. — The Red and White Winged Blackbird. 
Icterus tricolor, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 5, p. 1. 
Agelaius tricolor, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pi. 214, p. 27} 
This beautiful species, discovered by Mr. Thos. Nuttall, who sent the specimen 
to Mr. Audubon with the above name, I saw in flocks, with the other starlings 
and the Pica Nuttallii, quite abundant in California, in the valley of San Jose. 
They were feeding in the newly-ploughed fields, evidently in pursuit of grubs and 
worms. 

Agelaius gubernator, Wagler.— The Red and Black Winged Blackbird. 

Psarocolius gubernator, Wagler, Syst. Avium. 

Agelaius gubernator, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 215, p. 29. 
Found in California, associated with the other marsh blackbirds. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 81 



Genus DOLICHONYX, Swains. 

Dohchonyx oryzivorus, Linn. — The Wandering Eice Bird. 
Emberiza oryzivorus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 48. 
Icterus agripennis, Bonap. Syn., p. 53. 

Dolichomjx oryzivorus, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 278. 
" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 211, p. 10. 

These birds we found in Texas early in the spring, and in the Indian territory 
on the prairies about Fort Gibson, early in May, where they remain but a short 
time. 



Genus GUIRACA, Swains. 

Guiraca c(erulea, Linn. — The Blue Song Grosbeck. 

Loxia ccerulea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 78. 

Fringilla ccerulea, Nutt. Man. Orn., vol. 1, p. 229. 

Coccoborus cceruleus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pi. 204, p. 204. 
This sweet songster I found abundant in the Indian territory and Texas. 



Genus CARDINALIS, Bonap. 

Cardinalis Virginian ds, Bonap. — The Cardinal Grosbeck. 

Loxia cardinalis, Linn. 

Fringilla cardinalis, Nutt, Man. Orn., vol. 1, p. 519. 

Pitylus cardinalis, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pi. 203, p. 198. 
Very common in Texas and the Indian territory. 



Genus PIPILO, Vieill. 

Pipilo arctica. Swains. — The Arctic Ground Finch. 

Pyrgita (Pipilo) Arctica, Swains and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 260. 

Pipilo Arctica, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 194, p. 164. 
I have seen but few of these birds either in the Indian territory or New Mexico. 

Pipilo erythropthalmus, Linn. — The Towhe Ground Finch. 

Emberiza erythropthalma, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 35. 

Fringilla erythropthalma, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 515. 

Pipilo erythropthalma, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pi. 195, p. 167. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 
6 



S2 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus PYRANGA, Vieil). 

Pyranga rubra, Linn.— The Black-winged Tanager. 

Tanagra rubra, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 42. 

Pyranga erythromelas, Vieill. 

Pyranga rubra, Swains and Rich. F. Bor. Ainer., vol. 2, p. 273. 
" Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 209, p. 226. 
Very common in the Indian territory and Texas. 

Pyranga ^estiva, Gmel. — The Summer Redbird, or Tanager 

Tanagra Mississippiensis, Gmel. var. Lath. Syn., pi. 46. 

Loxia Virginica, Gmel. 

Tanagra olivacea, Gmel. 

Tanagra rudis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls., t. 94. 

Tanagra cestiva, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 95. 

Pyranga hepatica, Swains. 

Pyranga cestiva, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 208, p. 222. 
This beautiful species I have observed throughout the Indian territory, Texas , 
and New Mexico. It is rather solitary in its habits, frequenting the thick 
scrubby timber. 

Pyranga Azarae, D'Orb. and Lafr. — Azara's Tanager. 

Satator ruber et S.flavus, Vieill. Azara, Nos. 87, 88. 

Pyranga Azarae, D'Orb. voy. Amer. Meri., p. 264, t. 4, pt. 3, 4. 
I procured this beautiful tanager in the San Francisco mountain, New Mexico. 
It is a male, in full plumage. 

Genus PASSERELLA, Swains. 

Passerella iliaca, Merrem. — The Fox-colored Finch. 
Fringilla rufa, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 53. 
Fringilla ferruginea, Gmel. Edwards' Birds, pi. 354, f. 1. 
Emberiza pratensis, Vieill. 

Zonotrichia iliaca, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 257. 
Fringilla iliaca, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pi. 186, p. 139. 

The fox-colored sparrow I found very abundant in the Indian territory on the 
approach of winter. 



Genus CHRYSOMITRIS, Boie. 

Chrysomitris tristis, Linn.— The Thistle Bird or American Gold Finch. 

Fringilla tristis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 20. 

Carduclis Americana, (Edwards) Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., ii, p. 268. 

Carduelis tristis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 181, p. 129. 
Abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. S3 



Genus SPIZELLA, Bonap. 

Spizella socialis, Wilson. — The Chirping Sparrow. 

Fringilla socialis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p: 127. 

Emberiza socialis, And. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 163, p. 80. 
This gentle little sparrow, so appropriately named by Wilson, is quite abundant 
in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Spizella pallida, Swains. — The Clay-colored Sparrow. 

Emberiza pallida, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 251. 
" " And. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 161, p. 71. 

This little sparrow is found throughout New Mexico wherever food and water 
are to be found in sufficient quantities to sustain life. 



Genus STEUTHUS, Boie. 

Struthus hyemalis, Linn. — The Common Snow Finch. 

Fringilla nivalis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 129. 
" Hudsonica, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 491. 

Niphcea hyemalis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 167, p. 83. 
Common in the Indian territory during the fall and winter. 

Struthus Oregonus, Towns. — The Western Snow Bird. 

Fringilla Oregona, Towns. Jour. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 7, p. 188. 
Niphcea Oregona, Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 168, p. 91. 
I observed this bird, for the first time, in the month of October, whilst en- 
camped on the San Francisco mountain, near the Little Colorado, New Mexico. 
It was there very abundant in company with the various titmice, and in its habits 
it much resembles our S. hyemalis. 

Struthus caniceps, Woodhouse. — The Gray-headed Snow Finch. 
Struthus caniceps, Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. N. Sc, Phil., vol. 6. 

Form. — Bill longer and more gradually tapering than in theS. Oregonus; wings 
rounded; first quill shortest; second, third, and fourth nearly equal, third slightly 
longest ; tail long and slightly emarginate ; tarsus long and slender. 

Colors. — Head above back of neck and cheeks dark gray ; throat, breast, and 
sides lighter gray; abdomen, vent, and under tail coverts inclining to white; upper 
mandible dark brown, almost black ; space between the eye and base of bill black ; 
back bright reddish-brown ; rump and upper tail coverts dark gray ; tail dark 
brownish black, with the lateral tail feathers in some specimens entirely white, 
and with others having large spots of white on their inner webs ; in one specimen 
which I have seen, all of the three lateral feathers are mottled ; wings with the 
primaries dark brown and their outer margin narrowly edged with yellowish 



84 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

white; the secondaries with their inner wehs dark brown, and their outer light 
reddish brown ; scapular and lesser wing coverts light reddish-brown ; tarsi and 
feet flesh color, nails brownish. 

Dimensions. — Total length of skin from tip of bill to end of tail. . 6^ inches. 

Total length of bill along the ridge i# " 

Total length of wing from flexure 3!>£ " 

Total length of tarsus 8# « 

Total length of tail 3-^ " 

The female has the feet and bill colored like the male; the general plumage is 
darker and not so bright ; the head is ashy brown ; back dark reddish-brown ; 
secondaries dark brown with a slight reddish-brown margin on the outer webs ; 
scapular feathers and lesser wing coverts grayish-brown ; the measurements differ 
but little from' those of the male, being slightly smaller. 

Habitat. — Western Texas and Mexico. 

My attention was first called to this bird by my friend Mr. John Cassin, who 
very kindly suggested an examination of several specimens of males in the collec- 
tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences in connexion with another in his posses- 
sion, and a female in the collection made by me which I obtained in the San 
Francisco mountain, New Mexico. When obtained, it was feeding in company 
with S. Oregonus, various species of Parus, and it appeared very similar to the 
former and the common snow finch (S. hyemalis) in its habits. 



Genus ZONOTRICHIA, Swains. 

Zonotrichia graminea, Grnel. — The Grass or Bay-winged Finch. 

Emberiza graminca, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 51. 

Fringilla {Zonotrichia) graminea, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., ii, p. 254. 

Emberiza graminea, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 159, p. 65. 
This species I have found abundant from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, and 
in Texas. 

Zonotrichia leucophrys, Forst. — The White-crowned Finch. 

Emberiza leucophrys, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 49. 

Fringilla leucophrys, Nutt. Man. vol. 1, p. 497. 

Fringilla Gambelii, Nutt. Man., 2d edit., vol. 1, p. 556. Young. 

Zonotrichia leucophrys, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 255. 

Fringilla leucophrys, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 192, p. 157. 
I have met with this interesting bird abundantly in the Indian territory, Texas, 
and New Mexico. The Fringilla Gambelii described by my friend Mr. Thos. 
Nuttall is this bird in immature plumage. I have in the collections made by me 
quite an extensive series of specimens of this bird in various states of plumage, 
and satisfactorily showing the plumage of both adult and young and intermediate 
stages. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 85 

Zonotrichia Blandingiana. — Gamb. 

Fringilla Blandingiana, Gainb. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 1, p. 260. 
Zonotrichia chlorura? (Aud.) Gamb. Journ. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 1, N. S. pi. 

9, p. 51. 
Fringilla chlorura? Aud. Ora. Biog., vol. 5, p. 336. 
Whilst encamped on the Rio Salado, near San Antonio, Texas, in the begin- 
ning of the month of April, I procured a solitary specimen of this beautiful and 
interesting bird. Its favorite haunts seemed to be the low bushes in the vicinity 
of the creek : this was the only one I observed east of the Rio Grande. In the 
Zuni mountain and in the vicinity of the pueblo of Zuni it was quite abundant. 

Zonotrichia Lincolnii, Aud. — Lincoln's Finch. 
Fringilla Lincolnii, Aud. Orn. Biog. vol. 2, p. 539. 
Peucea Lincolnii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 177, p. 116. 

This species I found exceedingly abundant throughout the Indian territory and 
Texas. 

Zonotrichia albicollis, Gmel. — The White-throated Finch. 

Fringilla albicollis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 51. 

Fringilla Pennsylvanica, Lath. Edwards' Birds, pi. 304. 

Zonotrichia Pennsylvanica, Swains, and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 256. 

Fringilla striata, Gmel. 

Fringilla Pennsylvanica, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pi. 191, p. 153. 
Very abundant in the fall and winter throughout the Indian territory. 



Genus PASSERCULUS, Bonap. 

Passerculus savanna, Wils. — The Savanna Finch. 

Frinailla savanna, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 72. 

Passerina savannarum, Vieill. 

Emberiza savanna, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pi. 160, p. 63. 
This species I found among the most abundant of our finches, extending its 
range throughout the country in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and 
California. It confines itself principally to the grass in the open prairie, among 
which it dodges about with considerable agility: when suddenly surprised it takes 
to the wing. There appears to be a difference between those found in New 
Mexico and California and those east of the Mississippi river. 

Passerculus Cassinii, Woodhouse. — Cassin's Finch. 

Zonotrichia Cassinii, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 6, p. 60. 

Form. — Bill slender and conical, with a well marked ridge between the nostrils, 
extending about half way down the bill; wings short and rounded ; first quill short- 
est, third and fourth about equal; tail long and rounded. 



86 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Dimensions. — Total length of skin from tip of bill to end of tail. 5-nr inches. 
Total length of tail 2& 

Total length of bill along the ridge |* " 

Total length of bill from gap to tip , f-j " 

Total length of tarsus 1* " 

Colors. — Head and back cinereous brown ; throat and breast very light cine- 
reous brown ; sides light brown, with longitudinal brown stripes next the shafts ; 
and at their extremities and the surrounding portions of the feather brownish- 
white. Belly and vent dingy white ; a strip of dingy white extending from the 
base of the upper mandible over and behind the eye. Primaries brown, with 
their outer edges light brown ; secondaries and scapulars brown, with a whitened 
band encircling them ; wing at flexure, light yellow ; the tail, with the exception 
of the two middle feathers, brown, tipped with white ; the middle feathers light 
brown and slightly barred ; in the outer feathers the white extends from the 
shaft along the outer side ; upper mandible, light brown ; lower, light yellow ; 
tarsus and feet, flesh color ; iris, dark brown. The tail extends beyond the closed 
wings about an inch and a half. 

Habitat. — Western Texas. 

This interesting bird I shot on the prairie, near San Antonio, on the 25th of 
April, 1851, and at the time took it for the P. savanna, (Wils.) which it much 
resembled in its habits ; but, upon examination, it proved to be totally distinct. I 
have in my collection but a single specimen, which is a male. 

I have named this in honor of my friend Mr. John Cassin, the corresponding 
secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, to whose inde- 
fatigable labor in the department of ornithology we are so much indebted. 

Genus CHONDESTES, Swains. 

Chondestes grammaca, Say. — The Prairie Lark Finch. 
Fringilla grammaca, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 47. 
Chondestes strigata, Swains. 

Emberiza grammaca, Bonap. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 3, p. 63, pi. 158. 
This beautiful species I have found quite abundant on the prairies of Texas and 
the Indian territory, also in New Mexico along the river Del Norte. It is quite 
active and industrious in pursuit of food, being but seldom at rest; it is to be 
seen either among the grass on the ground, or perched upon the top of a bush, 
at the same time uttering a feeble chirp. 



Genus AMMODRAMUS, Swains. 

Ammodramus passerinus, Wils. — The Yellow-winged Shore Finch. 

Fringilla passerina, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 76. 

Emberiza passerina, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3. pi. 162, p. 73. 
Very common in the Indian territory, Texas, and in some parts of New 
Mexico. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 87 



Genus SPIZA, Bonap. 

Spiza cyanea, Linn. — Indigo Painted Finch. 
Emberiza cyanella, Gmel. 
Emberiza ccerulea, Gmel. 

Fringilla cyanea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 100. 
Spiza cyanea, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pi. 170, p. 96. 
The pleasant song of the indigo finch is to be heard in the timber on the edge 
of the prairies, or in the thickets on the border of some stream in the Indian 
territory, where it is quite abundant. 

Spiza ciris, Linn. — The Painted Finch. 

Emberiza ciris, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 63. 
Fringilla ciris, Bonap. Syn., p. 107. 

Spiza ciris, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 169, p. 93. 
This beautiful and active little finch, with its sweet warblings, added much to 
the pleasure of our trip across the prairies of Texas, where it is common. Its 
favorite resorts are about small thickets, and when singing it mostly selects the 
highest branches of a bush. 

Spiza amcena, Say. — The Lazuli Painted Finch. 

Emberiza amcena, Say, Long's Expedition. 

Fringilla amoena, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 61. 

Spiza amcena, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 171, p. 100. 
I saw but few of these handsome birds in New Mexico. 



Genus EUSPIZA, Bonap. 

Euspiza Americana, Gmel. — The Black-throated Finch. 

Fringilla flavicollis, Gmel. 

Passerina nigricollis, Vieill. 

Emberiza Mexicana, Lath. Syn., pi. 44. 

Emberiza Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 411. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 156, p. 58. 
Very common on the prairies, in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 



Genus EMBERIZA, Liun. 

Emberiza bilineata, Cassin. 

Emberiza bilineata, Cas. Proc. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 5, p. 104, pi. 3. 
I procured but a single specimen of this bird as we passed up the Eio San 
Pedro, Texas 



88 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus PLECTEOPHANES, Meyer. 

Plectrophanes ornatus, Towns.— The Chesnut-colored Lark Bunting. 
Plectrophanes ornatus, Towns. Jour. A. N. S., Pbila., vol. 7, p. 189. i 

" Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 154, p. 58. 
" " Towns. 

I found this bird quite rare in the Indian territory, and secured but a singk 
specimen. 



Genus OTOCORIS, Bonap. 

Otocoris alpestris, Linn. — The Horned or Shore Lark. 

Alauda flava, Gmel. 

Alauda nivalis, Pall. 

Alauda cornuta, Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 434. 

Alauda chrysolcema, Wagler. 

Alauda alpestris, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 151, p. 44. 
Very common in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California, 



Genus CARPODACUS, Kaup. 

Carpodacus purpureus, Gmel. — The Crested Purple Finch. 

Fringilla purpurea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 119. 

Erythrospiza purpurea, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 3, pi. 196, p. 170, 
The purple finch is common in New Mexico and the Indian territory. 

Carpodacus familiaris, McCall. — The Domestic Purple Finch. 
Carpodacus familiaris, McCall. Proc. A. N. Sc, Pbila., vol. 6, p. 61. 
Erythrospiza frontalis, Gambel. Jour. A. N". Sc, Pbila., vol. 1, N. S., p. 53. 

My attention was first called to this interesting little • songster whilst at Santa 
Fe, where it is known to the Americans resident there as the adobe finch. By 
the Mexicans, birds of this species are called Buriones. They are exceedingly 
tame, building about the dwellings, churches, and other buildings, in every nook 
and corner, even entering the houses to pick up crumbs. They are, I believe, 
never disturbed by the inhabitants. 

At the first dawn of the morning they commence with their sweet and clear 
warble, which it is impossible for me to describe by words. I have often in the 
early morning listened with admiration and gratification to the song of this bird, 
which is deservedly a great favorite. At first sight I took this species to be the 
C. Frontalis, Say; but on close examination, whilst at Santa Fe, I came to the 
conclusion that it was not that species. On my return to Philadelphia, whilst 
talking to my friend, Mr. Cassin, about it, he informed me that he had come to 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 89 

the same conclusion on seeing the specimens brought by Col. McCall, Inspector 
General U. S. Army, who was then about to describe it. 

It is found throughout New Mexico, also in California, in both of which 
countries it remains throughout the year. 



Genus CONTJRUS, Kuhl. 

Conurus Carolinensis, Linn. — The Carolina Paraquet. 

Psittacus Carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 141. 

Psittacus ludovicianus, Gmel. 

Psittacus luteicapillus, Vieill. 

Ccnturus Carolinensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 278, p. 306. 
Quite numerous in eastern Texas and in the Indian territory, confining itself to 
the timber lands of the large streams. 



Genus PICUS, Linn. 

Picus querulus, Wils. — The Red-cockaded Woodpecker 

Picus querulus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 103. 

Picus leucotis, 111. 

Picus borealis, Vieill. 

Picus Vieillotii, Wagl. 

Picus querulus, Aud. Orn., 8vo.,vol. 4, pi. 264., p. 254. 
Common in eastern Texas and the Indian territory 

Picus villosus, Linn. — The Hairy Woodpecker. 
Picus villosus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 150. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, p. 244, pi. 262 

Common in the Indian territory and Texas. 

Picus pubescens, Linn. — The Downy Woodpecker. 

Picus pub esccns, Wils. Amer Orn., vol. 1, p. 153. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 53, p. 249. 

Dendrocopus pubescens, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 307. 
Common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 

Picus scalaris, Wagler. 
Picus scalaris, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 511. 

This beautiful little woodpecker abounds in Texas, east of the Pecos river. 
During my stay in San Antonio and its vicinity I became quite familiar with it. It 
was at any time to be seen flying from tree to tree, and lighting on the trunk of a 
mesquite tree, (Algarobia,) closely searching for its insect food ; in its habits and 
notes it much resembles the Picus pubescens, Linn. 



90 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Picus Nuttallii, Gamb. — Nuttall's Woodpecker. 

Picus Nuttallii, Gambel, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 1, p. 259. 
Picus scalaris, (Wag.) Gambel, Jour. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 1, N. S. pi. 9, figs. 
2, 3, p. 55. 
My friend, the late Dr. Win. Gambel, described this bird in the spring of 1843 
in the proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia as Picus 
Nuttallii ; afterwards, in his paper entitled " Eemarks on the Birds of California," 
published in the journal of the same society, he mistakes it for the P. scalaris of 
Wagler, and cites his own name as a synonym. In the latter he was entirely 
mistaken ; not only do they differ in size, but in the markings. This bird I have 
only seen in California, from which country I have examined numerous speci- 
mens, together with the original specimens of Dr. G., and compared them with 
the specimens of the P. scalaris, of which I have quite a number in my collec- 
tion. The latter I have never found west of the Rio San Pedro, Texas. 



Genus CAMPEPHILUS, Gray. 

Campephilus principalis, Linn. — The Ivory-billed Woodpecker. 
Picus principalis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 20. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 256, p. 214. 
I have only observed this magnificent bird in the timber of the Arkansas river 
and in eastern Texas, in both of which places it was quite rare. 



Genus DRYOCOPUS, Boie. 

Drvocopds pileatus, Linn. — The Log-cock, or Pileated Woodpecker. 
Picus pileatus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 27. 
" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo , vol. 4, pi. 257, p. 226. 

Quite abundant in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 



Genus CELEUS, Boie. 

Celeus torquatus, Wils. — Lewis's Woodpecker. 

Picus torquatus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 31. 

Picus multicolor, Gmel. 

Picus sculatus, Wagl. 

Picus thoracicus, Less. 

Picus torquatus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo.,vol. 4., pi. 272, p. 280. 
Common in the Indian territory and New Mexico. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 91 



Genus CENTURUS, Swains. 

Centurus Carolinus, Wils. — The Carolina Woodpecker. 

Picus Carolinus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. I, p. 112. 

Picus griseus, Vieill. 

Picus erythrauchen, Wagl. 

Picus zebra, Bodd. 

Picus Carolinus, And. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 270, p. 270. 
Common in the Indian territory and Texas . 

Centurus Flaviventris, Swains. — The Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. 
Centurus flaviventris, Swains. 

This bird, first described by Mr. Swainson, I found quite abundant in the neigh- 
borhood of San Antonio, Texas. West of the Eio San Pedro I have not seen it. 
It has a loud, sharp cry, which it utters as it flies from tree to tree. I mostly 
observed it on the trunks of the mesquite, (Algarobia,) diligently searching in the 
usual manner of woodpeckers. 



Genus MELANERPES, Swains. 

Melanerpes ARYTHRocEPHALus,Linn. — The Red-headed Woodpecker. 

Picus erythrocephalus, Wils. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 1, p. 142. 

Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Swains, and Eich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 316. 

Picus erythrocephalus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 271, p. 274. 
Abundant in the Indian territory and Texas. 



Genus COLAPTES, Swains. 

Colaptes auratus, Linn. — The Golden-winged Woodpecker. 

Picus auratus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 45. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 273, p. 282. 

Colaptes auratus, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor.Amer., vol. 2, p. 314. 
Very abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. 

Colaptes Mextganotdes, Lafr. — The Red-shafted Flicker. 

Colaptes Mexicanus, Swains. Syn. B. of Mex., Phil. Mag., No. 84. 

Picus Mexicanus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo , vol. 4, pi. 274, p. 290. 
Common along the Rio Grande. 



92 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Genus GEOCOCCYX, Wagler. 

Geococcyx Mexicanus, Gmel. — The Paisano or Chaparral Cock. 

Common in western Texas, frequenting barren and bushy plains. I, however, 
have met with it only occasionally, and then was not able to get a shot at it, being 
so swift of foot, and disappearing almost immediately among the thickets. It is 
frequently captured by pursuing it on horseback. 

Genus COCCYZUS, Vieill. 

Coccyzus Americanus, Linn. — The Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 

Cuculus Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 13. 

Coccyzus pyrrhoptcrus, Vieill. 

Coccyzus Americanus, Aud., 8vo., vol. 4, pi. 275, p. 293. 
Very common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 

Coccyzus erythropthalmits, "Wills. — The Black-billed Cuckoo. 

Cuculus erythropthalmus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 15. 

Coccyzus dominicus, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 556. 

Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pi. 276, p. 300. 
I observed but few of these birds either in Texas or the Indian territory. 

Genus COLUMBA, Linn. 

Columba fasciata, Say. — The Band-tailed Pigeon. 
Columba fasciata, Say, Long's Exped., vol. 2, p. 10. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pi. 279, p. 312. 
Small flocks of this beautiful pigeon I observed in New Mexico, particularly in 
the San Francisco mountain ; also in California. 



Genus ECTOPISTES, Swains. 

Ectopistes migratorius, Linn. — The Passenger Pigeon. 

Columba migratoria, Linn, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 285. 

Columba Canadensis, Linn. 

Ectopistes migratoria, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 285, p. 25. 
Common in the Indian territory in the spring and fall, during their migrations. 

Ectopistes Carolinensis, Linn. — The Carolina Turtle Dove. 
Columba Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 91. 
" " Linn, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 286. 

Ectopistes Carolinensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 286, p. 36. 
The mournful notes of this bird were to be heard continually throughout the 
Indian territory and the most part of Texas and New Mexico, in which countries 
it breeds. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 93 

Ectoplstes margineixus, Woodhouse. — The small Long-tailed Dove. 

Ectopistes marginelhis, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., vol, 6, p. 104. 
Form.— Bill short and slender ; wings long and pointed ; second quill distinctly 
longest, its general form resembling E. Carolinensis, but much more delicate. 
Dimensions. — Total length of skin from tip of bill to end of tail. . 9^ inches. 

Total length of wing from flexure 5yg " 

Total length of tarsus ?# 

Total length of bill & 

Total length of bill from gap ^ " 

Total length of tail 4 " 

Color. — Bill dark brown ; upper surface of the head brown, mottled with black 
and light brown ; hind part of neck, back, and upper tail coverts of a lightish- 
brown; a brownish-white band extends from each eye across the forehead; one 
of reddish-brown from the anterior part of the orbit to the back of the head; 
throat very light brown, inclining to white; the feathers of the lower portion of the 
throat are black, with a light brown margin, giving the appearance of circular 
bands of black and white ; belly, vent, and under tail coverts light fawn ; sides 
lead color ; primaries dark brown ; the first, second, and third quills have a white 
line extending along their outer edge ; secondaries are rather lighter, and have a 
light brown margin ; on their upper surface they are reddish-brown ; tertiary fea- 
thers and wing coverts reddish-brown with a light margin, and on the outer edge 
an elongated black spot ; the tail consists of fourteen feathers, the two central of 
which are dark brown ; the four lateral feathers are black near the extremity and 
white at tip ; tarsus and feet light red. 
Habitat. — Cross Timbers, 

This species somewhat resembles E. Carolinensis, Linn., but on examination 
proves to be totally different. I procured it in the Cross Timbers, on the north 
fork of the Canadian, where I saw a number of them feeding on the ground, and 
at that time was struck with their small size, being so much smaller than our 
common dove. I was unable to procure more than one specimen, which, upon 
dissection, proved to be a male. 

Genus MELEAGRIS, Linn. 

Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. — The Wild Turkey. 
Meleagris gallopavo, Linn, pi. enl., 97. 

" " Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 97. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 287, 288, p. 42. 
Meleagris sylvcstris, Vieill. 

Gallopavo sylvcstris, Catesby, Gal. des Ois., t. 201. 
Throughout the wooded portions of the Indian territory and Texas this bird 
abounds. Whilst in the Creek country our men killed numbers of them daily; 
many of them were very large and weighed upwards of nineteen pounds, although 
at the same time they were in poor condition. They are quite abundant along 
the Rio San Pedro, Texas. 



94 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

They are also found in New Mexico, in the neighborhood of the copper mines. 
I am told by our officers that those found there are of an enormous size. Those 
I saw whilst at Santa Fe did not appear to be different from our common species. 
Mr. Leroux, our guide, informed me that the turkeys of the Gila river were differ- 
ent from those found east of the Eio Grande, and that they have much white 
about them. I saw turkeys but once after crossing the Rio Grande, and they 
were at the head of Bill Williams's river, but I was too far off to notice any dif- 
ference. 



Genus CYRTONYX, Gould. 

Cyrtonyx Massexa, Less. — The Messena Partridge. 

Ortyz Montezuma, Vigors. Jard. and Silby, HI. Orn., pi. 126. 

Odontophorus meleagris, Wagler. 

Perdix perspicillata, Licht. Gould. Monogr. Odont., pt. 1. 

Cyrtonyz Massena, Cassin's Birds of Cal. and Texas, vol. 1, pi. 4. 
My attention was first called to this beautiful bird a few miles beyond the head 
of the Rio San Pedro, where we started three of them, and Major Backus suc- 
ceeded in procuring a female specimen, which is now in my collection. This was 
the only time that I observed this bird. Capt. S. G. French, A. Q. M., U. S. 
army, informs me that in the year 1849, when he first passed over this road, he 
met with these birds in a number of localities — at the head of the San Pedro, 
Howard's springs, and also at the Eagle springs — showing evidently that it has a 
range over the country lying between the Rio Grande and San Pedro rivers. He 
also stated that he had never met with it near the settlements, but always among 
the wild, rocky, and almost barren hills of this country. They are more sociable 
and not so shy as others of the same family. Their food appears to be principally 
insects. An excellent figure and history of this handsome partridge are given in 
the first number of Mr. Cassin's work on the Birds of California, Texas, &c. 



Genus ORTYX, Steph. 

Ortyx Virginianus, Linn. — The American Partridge. 

Perdix Virginiana, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 21. 

Perdix borcalis, Temm. 

Tetrao Marilandicus, Linn. 

Tetrao Mcxicanus, Linn, pi. enl., 149. 

Ortyx Virginianus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 289, p. 59. 
"Very common in the Indian territory and Texas, but I did not observe it west 
of the Rio San Pedro. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 95 



Genus CALLIPEPLA, Wagler. 

Callipepla squamata, Vigors. — Tlie Scaly Partridge. 
Callipepla strenua, Wagler. 

Callipepla squamata, Gould. Monog. Odont., pt. 1, pi. 19. 
This beautiful species I have met with only upon one occasion as our party was 
passing up the Rio Grande, at the upper end of Valleverde. It was on the west 
side of the river, on the edge of the sand-hills, feeding among the low bushes, and 
was excessively shy and quick-footed. I tried a number of times to make them 
fly, but did not succeed ; they seemed to prefer their feet to their wings as a means 
of escape. I was told that they are found above Santa Fe. 

Callipepla elegans, Less. — The Elegant Partridge. 
Ortyx spilogaster, Vigors. 
Callipepla elegans, (Less.) lent, de Zool., t. 61. 

" " Gould. Monog. Odont., pt. 1, pi. 18. 

This pretty partridge, I have been told by our officers, is found on the Rio 
Grande in the vicinity of El Paso. 

Callipepla Gambelii, Nutt. — Gambel's Partridge. 

Lophortyx Gambelii, Nutt. Proc. A. N. Sci. Phila., vol. 1, p. 220. 
Callipepla venusta, Gould. Proc. Zool. Soc, pt. 14, p. 70. 
Callipepla Gambelii, Gould. Monog. Odont., pt. 1, pi. 17. 

I did not see this truly elegant species until I arrived at the Rio Grande, about 
fifty miles below El Paso, and from there to the latter place it was extremely 
abundant. It is by no means a shy bird, frequently coming about the houses. I 
have often observed the male birds perched on the top of a high bush, uttering 
their peculiar, and, I might say, mournful call. 

I found them in quite large flocks, feeding principally on seeds and berries, 
they became scarce as we approached Dona Ana, above which place I did not 
observe them ; finding it again near the head of Bill Williams's river, then on the 
Yampai creek, and excessivsly abundant all along the Great Colorado. This bird, 
I am told, is not found west of the Coast Range iu California. 

About Camp Yuma, below the mouth of the Gila river, they were very abun- 
dant and tame, coming quite near the men, and picking up the grain wasted by 
the mules. I was there informed that great numbers of them are trapped by the 
Indians. 

The female of this bird not having been described, I thought proper to introduce 
it here. Top of head dull reddish-brown; front light cinereous brown; crest 
shorter than the male, and consists of six brownish-black plumes; nape of neck, 
back, rump, upper tail coverts, and wings, dark ash brown ; tail bluish-ash ; chin 
and throat light-brown ; upper parts of breast cinereous brown; lower part cream 
color, each feather having a lanceolate spot of brown; vent dirty white; the fea- 
thers of the flanks the same as the male, but not so bright ; under tail coverts 



96 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

brownish-white, with broad lanceolate markings of dark brown , tertiaries hare on 
their inner margin a yellowish-white line, giving it the appearance, when the wing 
is closed, of a straight line. In size the same as the male. 



Genus TETRAO, Linn. 

Tetrao cupido, Linn. — The Pinnated Grouse, or Prairie Hen. 
Tetrao cupido, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 104. 

" And. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 296, p. 93. 
I have found this bird abundant throughout the Indian territory; more numer- 
ous, however, in the vicinity of the settlements. 

During the fall of 1849, as we were passing down the Arkansas river, along the 
road leading from Fort Gibson to Fort Smith, these birds were in large flocks 
feeding among the oaks upon the acorns ; hundreds were to be seen at the same 
timj. It is also abundant throughout eastern Texas. 

Tetrao obscurus, Say. — The Dusky Grouse. 
Trfrao obscurus, Say, Long's Exped. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 295, p. 89. 
" " Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, pi. 18. 

Tetrao Franklinii, Sabine. 
This large grouse is found in the mountains about Santa Fe, New Mexico. 



Genus CHARADRIUS, Linn. 

Charadrius vociferus, Linn. — The Kildeer Plover. 

Charadrius vocifcrus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 73. 

Charadrius torquatus, Linn, Briss. Orn., vol. 5, t. 6, pi. enl. 28G. 

Charadrius Jamacencis, Gmel. Sloan. Journ., p. 318, t. 265, f. 3. 

Charadrius vocifcrus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 317, p. 207. 
This noisy bird I found abundant in the Indian territory, and in various parta 
of Texas and New Mexico. 



Genus GRUS, Linn. 

Gnus Canadensis, Temm.— The Sand-hill or Brown Crane. 

Ardea Canadensis, Forst. Phila. Trans. 62, p. 409, No. 26. 

Grus Canadensis, Penn. Art. Zool. 2, p. 403, No. 340. 

Grus Americana, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., pi. 314, vol. 5. 
This bird, which was believed by Audubon .mid ;v few other! t<> be the young of 
the G. Americana, Linn., I have observed frequently in parts of New Mexico, 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 97 

more abundant, however, on the Great Colorado river, where I have seen large 
flocks congregated, whereas the whooping crane ( G. Americana) I have never 
seen. Were this the young of that bird, should not the adult bird be occasionally 
seen? I have never observed a white bird among them. On several occasions I 
have eaten the flesh of this species, which is quite palatable. 

These birds I found feeding in the low ground about the lakes and rivers ; when 
frightened by the near approach of a man, one is sure to give the alarm and fly 
off: he is immediately followed by the whole flock, each one answering the cry of 
the other, producing anything but an agreeable noise, and circle round in the air 
until they get to a great height. 

The Grus Americana appears to confine itself to the seacoast, whereas this bird 
is found in the interior. 



Genus ARDEA, Linn. 

Ardea Herodias, Linn. — The Great Blue Heron. 

Ardea Herodias, Aud. Birds of Amer,, 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 369, p. 122, 

«' " Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 106. 

Ardea Hudsonias, Linn., Edwards's Birds, pi. 135. 
Abundant on the Arkansas river ; but I have seen but few in Texas or New 
Mexico. 

Ardea egretta, Gmel. — The Great American White Egret. 
Ardea egretta, Gmel. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 629. 
" « Aud. Amer. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 370, p. 132. 

Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 106. 
This elegant heron I observed quite abundant in portions of the Indian terri- 
tory ; more rare, however, in Texas. 

Ardea virescens, Linn. — The Green Heron. 
Ardea virescens, Linn, Catsb. Carol, p. 80. 
" " Wils. Amer. Orn., vol 8, p. 97. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 367, p. 105. 

Ardea torquata, Mill. Illustr.j pi. 60. 
Abundant in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 

Ardea candidissima, Gmel. — The Snowy Heron. 

Ardea candidissima, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 120. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 374, p. 163. 

Ardea thula, Mol. 
Abundant in the Indian territory and in Texas. 



98 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus IBIS, Moehr. 

Ibis guarauna, Linn.— The Brazilian Ibis. 
Ibis guar auna, Shaw, Nat. Misc., pi. 705. 
Tantalus chalcopterus, Teinm. pi. col., 511 
This beautiful Ibis, which is new to our fauna, I procured on the Eio Zoquete, 
Texas, where, however, 1 secured but one specimen. I obtained two others, on 
the Little Colorado, New Mexico ; but these, I ana inclined to believe, are the 
Ibis Ordii, Bonap. 



Genus NUMENIUS. 

Numenius longirostris, Wils. — The Long-billed Curlew. 
Numenius longirostris, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 23. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 355, p. 35. 

Large flocks of these birds I have frequently found feeding upon the prairies 
in the Indian territory and Texas. 

Numenius occidentals, Woodhouse. — The Western Curlew. 
Numenius occidentalis, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. S.c, Phila., vol. 6. 

Form. — The general form and color of this bird much resemble the N. longi- 
rostris. The color, however, is much lighter and more rufous; the bill short, and 
very slender ; the primaries are more pointed — their inner web is not so broad ; 
wings extend about half an inch beyond the tail ; toes short and slender. 
Dimensions. — Total length of skin from the tip of bill to end of tail 16-^ inches. 

Total length of bill along the ridge 4^ " 

Total length of wing from flexure Hxet " 

Total length of tarsus 2& " . 

Total length of middle toe l|^ " 

Total length of tibia l^j " 

Color. — Feathers of the top of head have a broad central line of blackish- 
brown, terminating on either side by whitish-brown ; neck light reddish-brown, 
the shaft of each feather being black, and terminating by a broad blackish-brown 
spot — those of the hind part of neck have the central line of black much broader , 
chin whitish ; back black, with irregular reddish-brown markings, forming spots ; 
these, as they approach the rump, become more reddish, and are broader, having 
much the appearance of bands ; upper tail coverts reddish-brown ; shafts black, 
with transverse black bands ; the tail is slightly rounded, and consists of twelve 
feathers, of a reddish-brown color, with ten transverse black bands ; under coverts 
reddish-brown ; belly and thighs light reddish-brown ; sides reddish-brown, irreg- 
ularly marked with blackish-brown zigzag lines : the shafts of the first quills are 
white ; the outer webs of the first three are black— of the fourth slightly mottled 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 101 



Genus PHILOHELA, Gray. 

Philohela minor, Gmel. — The American Woodcock. 
Scolopax minor, Grael. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 661. 
" Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 40. 
Microptera minor, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 5, pi. 352, p. 15. 
This bird only came under my observation whilst in the Indian territory, and it 
was there quite rare. 

Genus RALLUS, Linn. 

Rallus Virgintanus, Linn. — The Virginia Rail. 

Rallus Virginianus, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 7, p. 109. 

" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 311, p. 147. 

Rallus limicola, Vieill. 
I procured a single specimen of this bird on the Rio Laguna, about twelve 
miles from its head; this was the only one which I observed. 

Genus ORTYGOMETRA, Linn. 

Ortygometra Carolina, Linn. — The Carolina Rail. 
Rallus Carolinus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 24. 

Ortygometra Carolinus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 306, p. 145. 
During the summer of 1850, whilst attached to the Creek boundary survey 
under Lieut. J. C. Woodruff, Topographical Engineers, I met with the sora rail 
on several occasions, on the prairies, but always near water. 

Genus FULICA, Linn. 

Fulica Americana, Gmel. — The American Coot, or Mud-hen. 
Fulica atra, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 9, p. 61. 

Fulica Americana, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 5, pi. 305, p. 138. 
I have met with this bird quite abundantly throughout the Indian territory, 
Texas, New Mexico, and California; always in the vicinity of lagunas or streams. 

Genus ANSER, Barrere. 

Anseb hyperboreus, Pall. — The Snow Goose. 

Anas hyperborea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 76. 

Anas carulescens, Linn. 

Anas nivalis, Forst. 

Anser niveus, Briss. 

Anser hyperboreus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 381, p. 212. 
Abundant on the coast of California. 



102 , REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Anser erythropus, Linn. — The White-fronted Goose. 
Anser albifrons, Bonap. Syn., p. 376. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo. 5 vol. 6, pi. 380, p. 209. 

Abundant on the coast of California. 



Genus BERNICLA, Steph. 

Bernicla brenta, Pall. — The Brent Goose. 
Anas bernicla, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 131. 
Anser bernicla, Swains, and Eich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 469. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 379, p. 203. 
Abundant in the large streams of the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, 
and in California along the coast. 

Bernicla Hutchinsii, Eich. and Swains. — Hutchins's Goose. 
Anser Hutchinsii, Swains, and Eich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 470. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 377, p. 198. 
Abundant on the coast of California. 

Bernicla Canadensis, Linn. — The Canada Goose. 
Anas Canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 52. 
Anser Canadensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pi. 376, p. 178. 
Common in the Arkansas and Great Colorado rivers, also on the coast of Cali- 
fornia. 



Genus AIX, Boie. 

An sponsa, Linn. — The Summer or Wood Duck 
Anas sponsa, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 97. 

" Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo.,' vol. 6, pi. 391, p. 271. 
This beautiful species breeds in the Indian territory and Texas. In the former 
country I found it very abundant. 



Genus MAEECA, Stephens. 

Mareca Americana, Gmel. — The American Widgeon. 

Anas Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 89. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pi. 389, p. 259. 

Mareca Americana, Swains, and Eich, F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 445. 
Quite abundant in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 103 



Genus DAFILA, Leach. 

Dafila acuta, Linn. — The Pin-tail Duck. 

Anas acuta, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 72. 

" Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pi. 390, p. 266. 

Anas longicauda, Briss. 

Anas caudicuta, Swains, and Eich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 444. 
Common in New Mexico and California. 



Genus ANAS, Linn. 

Anas Boschas, Linn. — The Mallard Duck. 

Anas f era, Briss. 

Anas domestica, Linn. 

Anas curvirostra, Ball. 

Anas purpureo-viridis, Schinz. 

Anas Breweri, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 6, p. 302. 

Anas Boschas, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pi. 385, p. 236. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California. 



Genus QUERQUEDULA, Stephens. 

Querq,uedula Carolinensis, Gmel. — The Green- winged Teal. 

Anas crecca, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 101. 

" " Swains, and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 400. 

Anas sylvatica, Vieill. 

Anas Carolinensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pi. 392. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and California. 



Genus PTEROCYANEA, Bonap. 

Pterocyanea discors, Linn. — The Common Blue-winged Teal. 
Anas discors, "Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 74. 
" " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pi. 393, p. 287. 
The common blue-winged teal is found throughout the Indian territory and 
eastern Texas. 

Pterocyanea cceruleata, Licht. — The Western Blue-winged Teal. 

Anas cyanoptera, Vieill. Azara, No. 434. 

Anas Rqfflesii, King. Zool. Journ., Supp., p. 29. 
Very abundant throughout western Texas, New Mexico, and California. 



104 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus CHAULELASMUS, Gray. 

Chaulelasmus strepera, Linn. — The Gadwall Duck. 

Anas strepera, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 120. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pi. 388, p. 254. 

Chauliodus strepera, Swains, and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 446. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California. 



Genus SPATULA, Boie. 

Spatula clypeata, Wils. — The Shoveller Duck. 
Anas clypeata, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 45. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 394, p. 293. 
Anas rub ens, Gmel. 
Anas Mezicanus, Lath. 
Anas platalea, Vieill. A. Zara., No. 471. 
Very abundant in the lakes and rivers of the Indian territory, Texas, New 
Mexico, and California. 



Genus NYROCA, Flemiag. 

Nyroca Valisneria, Wils. — The Canvas-back Duck. 

Anas valisneria, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 103. 

Fuligula valisneria, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 395, p. 299. 
We procured a number of these fine ducks in a laguna near Santa Isabella, 
California, where they are quite common. 

Nyroca ferina, Linn. — The Pochard, or Red-headed Duck. 

Anas ferina, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 110. 

Anas rufa, Gmel. 

Anas ruficollis, Scop. 

Fuligula ferina, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 398, p 311. 
Very common in California. 



Genus PODILYMBUS, Less. 

Podilymbus Carolinensis, Lath. — The Red-billed Grebe. 

Podiceps Carolinensis, Bonap. Syn., p. 418. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 7, pi. 483, p. 324. 

Colymbus podiceps, Linn. 

Colymbus ludovicianus, Gmel. pi. enl., 943. 
Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 105 



Genus LARUS, Linn. 

Larus Bonap artei, Rich, and Swains. — Bonaparte's Gull. 

Larus Bonapartei, Swains, and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 425. 

Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 7, pi. 442, p. 131. 
Larus capistratus, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 4. 
I procured a youug specimen of this bird at the mouth of the Red Fork of the 
Arkansas river. 



Genus PLOTUS, Linn. 

Plot us anhinga ? Linn.— The American Anhinga. 

Plotus anhinga, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 6, pi. 420, p. 443. 
Plot us melanogaster, Lath. var. 
" " Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 9, p. 75. 

The specimen of Plotus brought from Texas by me, I find, on comparison with 
specimens of the P. anhinga, in the collection of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences, Philadelphia, differs so materially in size that I have marked it with a 
question ; at the same time, not having but the one specimen, I did not think 
myself justifiable in describing it until I obtained more specimens of the same 
kind. 

These birds I found breeding on the Rio San Felipe, in Texas, early in the 
month of May. 



Genus PELECANUS, Linn. 

Pelecanus trachyrhynchus, Lath. — The American White Pelican. 
Pelecanus erythrorhyncus, Gmel. 
Pelecanus onocrotalus, Bonap. 
Pelecanus brachydactylus, Licht. 

Pelecanus Americanus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 7, pi. 422, p. 20. 
These birds I have frequently observed in the Arkansas, Del Norte, and 
Colorado rivers. Common in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and 
California. 



REPTILES. 

BY EDWARD HALLO WELL, M. D. 



The recent government expeditions for the purpose of determining its bound- 
aries have advanced greatly our knowledge of the natural productions of the 
regions explored. 

Of the species of reptiles hitherto described as inhabiting the United States, 
the number does not exceed one hundred and fifty, nearly the whole of which 
have been for the first time determined and figured by Professor Holbrook, of 
Charleston, South Carolina. Of these there has yet been discovered but one 
testudo — the Test, polyphemus, or gopher, which is found only in the south, its 
most northern limit being the western border of South Carolina — and two box 
tortoises, the Cistuda Carolina and Blandigii. Of Emydcs, or fresh-water turtles, 
Professor Holbrook has figured seventeen species. Another has recently been 
described in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, by Professors 
Baird and C. Girard, from Oregon. It is very remarkable that no specimen of 
fresh-water turtle was captured by Dr. Woodhouse during his recent exploration 
of Texas and New Mexico. The remaining species of Chelonians are four, viz : 
Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum, Sternotlicerus odoratus, Chelonura serpentina or snap- 
per, and Cliclonura Temminckii, making twenty-five Chelonians; of these twenty-five, 
but three may be considered as land animals, viz : Test . Polyphemus, Cistuda 
Carolina, and Cistuda Blandigii. The Cistuda Carolina is found from one end of 
the Union to the other ; the Blandigii has as yet been discovered only in Illinois, 
Wisconsin, and Massachusetts. Of the Emydcs, serrata, reticulata, Floridana, 
Mobilensis, and concinna, are exclusively southern; the Mulenbergii, rubriventris, 
picta, guttata, terrapin, or palustris, are more or less common in the north, but 
only two of them exclusively, viz : Mulenbergii and rubriventris, and these, accord- 
ing to Dr. Holbrook, have a very limited range, the first having been found only 
in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania ; the latter, neither north of the river 
Delaware nor south of Chesapeake bay; picta, guttata, and terrapin have a very 
wide range, the first having been observed from Maiae to Georgia ; the second, 
according to Major Leconte, over the whole of the United States. Insculpta is a 
northern animal, while geographica, pseudo geographica, hieroglyphica, Cumber- 
landensis, Troostii, and Oregonicnsis, are found in our western States, but not in 
the south, and the first only in the north (Lake Erie.) The Kinosternon Pennsyl- 
vanicum is not seen north of lat. 41°, but is abundant in the west. Sternotkcerus 
odoratus is found from Maine to Florida, and probably in all our western States. 
Chelonura serpentina exists in nearly all parts of the Union; while Temminckii is 
confined to the Mississippi aud its tributaries, and to some of the rivers of Ala- 
bama that enter into the Gulf of Mexico. Two species of soft-shell turtle have 
been as yet described, the Trionyzferox and muticus. The first has a very wide 



REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNl, ETC. 107 

range ; the other has been observed only in the Mississippi and its tributary streams. 
There are f three species of Chelonians proper, one of Sphargis and one of Alligator, 
which has been erroneously stated by European naturalists to exist throughout 
the whole extent of the United States, having never been found north of lat. 35°. 
According to Prof. Holbrook, nine-tenths of the territory belonging to the United 
States east of the Rocky mountains is uninhabited by this animal. Several new spe- 
cies of Crotaphylus, Holbrook, have recently been described by Professors Baird and 
Girard, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, one only having 
before been known, viz: the Agama collaris of Say. Of Phrynosoma four well- 
known species inhabit North America, viz : comutum, coronatum, Douglassii, and 
orbiculare of Weigmann; to these I have added a fourth — Phryn. planiceps — 
which closely resembles the comutum, but differs from it in having smooth scales 
upon the abdomen. There are also the Phryn. modestum and platyrhynos of 
Girard. These remarkable animals are exclusively American, and are confined 
to the western and southern portions of our country. The new genus Anota is 
closely allied to them, but differs in having its ears concealed by the integument. 
Several new species of Cnernidophorus have been added by Professor Baird to 
the one already known (Ameiva sexlineata,) an exclusive inhabitant of the south- 
ern States, and also a new Plestiodon, a genus never observed in the north.* The 
Lygosoma lateralis has been found only in the south and west. That remarkable 
animal the Ophisaurus ventralis, or glass-snake, also exclusively American, 
although found in the north as far as Michigan, is much more abundant in the 
south and west. The number of Saurians known to inhabit the United States 
appears to have been comparatively few, not more than fourteen species being 
enumerated and figured by Professor Holbrook ; but more recently, numerous 
additions have been made by Professors Baird and Girard, not less than nineteen 
new species having been published by them, as found in the recent exploration 
of Col. Graham, more than all formerly known to exist in the whole United 
States. The most remarkable of those recently discovered is the new genus 
Holbrookia, or Cophosaurus of Troschel, characterized chiefly by its concealed 
ears. 

Of the Ophidians there are four genera of poisonous serpents, including ten 
species, to which must be added the Crotalus Lecontei described in the following 
paper. Of the poisonous species there are seven rattlesnakes, four Crotali proper 
and three Crotalophori, three species of Trigonocephaly, including the water- 
moccasin and the copperhead, and one species of Elaps. The Crotalus durissus, 
the most common of the rattlesnakes, is found in nearly all parts of the United 
States ; the adamanteus and Oregonus have a very limited range, the one being a 
southern animal, not found north of Carolina; the other having yet been observed 
only on the banks of the Oregon and Columbia rivers. The Crotalophorus terge- 
minus is found near the sources of the Missouri ; the kirtlandii only in the States 
of Ohio and Michigan. The water-moccasin has not been found north of the Pe- 
dee river, in North Carolina ; it has been observed in Tennessee. The Trigono- 
cephalus contortriz, or copperhead, is one of our most common venomous ser- 

* I have recently found a specimen of Plestiodon quinquelineatum in New Jersey. 



108 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

pents, being found from New England to Middle Florida, inclusive, and from the 
Atlantic to the Alleghanies. The atro-fuscus has as yet been seen only in Tennes- 
see: the Elaps fulvius inhabits the southwestern and western States, but is not 
seen in the north. Of the non-venomous serpents thirty- seven species are 
described and figured by Professor Holbrooke to which numerous others have 
been added recently. Of these, two are water-snakes, to which Tropidonotus 
rhombifer, transversus, some parietalis of Say, concinnus, and others, are to be 
added. The Coluber Coopcri has a very limited range, having been found by 
Mr. Cooper " only in the dry pine-hills south of the Altamaha, never having been 
met with in the low grounds even of the same vicinity, while the eximius and 
punctatus are distributed over a large part of the Union. The guttatus is a south- 
ern animal ; the obsoletus and testaceus are found on the borders of the Rocky 
mountains. The constrictor or common black snake is seen in nearly all parts of 
the United States, and "may be regarded as the most common of our serpents." 
The Coluber vernalis is exclusively a northern animal; Psammopkis Jlagelli-formis, 
or the coach whip snake, exclusively southern, Of the Batrachia twenty-four 
species are figured, of which seven belong to the genus Rana, two to Cystignathus, 
one to Scaphiopus (Holbrook,) five to Hyla, three to Hylodes, five to Bufo, and one 
to Engystoma. This number will have been considerably increased by species 
described by Prof. Baird and Girard, and by one in the following paper : 

Of the Salamandridce there are figured twenty-three species, including five of 
the genus Triton. Of those remarkable genera, Amphiuma, Menopoma, Siren, and 
Menobranchus, there are nine species, two of Amphiuma, two of Menopoma, three 
of Siren, and two of Menobranchus. The Amphiuma and Siren are exclusively 
southern; the Menopoma and Menobranchus are found in our western waters. The 
species of reptiles said by M. Schlegel to be common to both North and South 
America, do not exist among us.* 



* For the greater part of the information contained in the above remarks, I am indebted to the 
valuable work of Professor Holbrook, "North American Herpetology; or, a Description of the 
Reptiles inhabiting the United States." Quarto, Philad., 1842. [Since the above was written, a 
work upon serpents has appeared by Prof. Baird and C. Girard, which contains indications of 
many new genera, and descriptions of numerous species.] 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 109 

Order SAURIA. 

Genus SCELOPORUS, Weigmann. 

Gen. char. — Head short, subtriangular, rounded in front, and covered 
with small plates ; no palatine teeth ; tongue obtuse in front, slightly- 
notched, covered with minute papillae ; lips furnished with a double 
series of oblong plates ; nostrils open in a single plate, surrounded by 
smaller scales ; tympanum depressed in the meatus, which has its ante- 
rior border more or less denticulated ; neck below smooth, but with an 
oblique depression on each side ; body short, depressed, and covered 
with large carinated and imbricated scales above, and with smooth plates 
upon the abdomen ; tail very long, large, and depressed at its base, 
rounded toward its tip; neither dorsal nor caudal crest; there are 
femoral, but no anal, pores. 

Sceloporus delicatissimus, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Four plates behind the rostral and between the nostrils, the two 
first much smaller than the latter — nine upon the frontal region, in two rows, 
(four in front and five posteriorly;) behind these five plates, without a central 
pentagonal one ; snout somewhat obtuse ; body more slender than that of mar- 
moratus ; scales bi-punctate posteriorly. 

Description. — The head is rounded above, depressed in front ; the snout angu- 
lar, rounded anteriorly ; the rostral plate is triangular, much more extended in a 
transverse than in the opposite direction. The snout and frontal region are 
covered with numerous small polygonal scales, of which there are four between 
the nostrils, or rather between the small plates in contact with them, which are 
most remarkable ; the posterior of these are much the larger. The nostrils are 
lateral and circular, looking outward and upward, each in a single projecting 
scale, surrounded by other scales, which differ more or less in size and shape. 
The nostrils are rather less than a line apart, and are situated just within the 
border of the supraciliary ridge. Immediately behind the small polygonal plates, 
upon the frontal region, (nine in number, four in front and five posteriorly,) is a 
transverse row of three large plates, the outer ones quadrilateral, and much 
larger than the intermediate one, which is more or less triangular, the apex of 
the triangle pointing backward. The anterior interorbitar plates are pentagonal, 
broader anteriorly, and much more extended in the antero-posterior than in 
the transverse direction. The posterior interorbitar is indistinctly hexagonal, 
longer than broad, and single. The occipital plate is quite large, pointed in 
front, truncate behind ; it is surrounded with scales, of which those in front are 
much the larger. There are six or eight hexagonal scales, constituting the supra- 
ciliary ridge; they are bordered internally with a single row of small scales, and 
externally with a double row of the same dimensions, and similar shape. The 



110 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

eyelids are covered with email granular scales. The upper jaw is margined with 
ten narrow transverse plates, and the lower with an equal number. The auditory 
apertures are very distinct, semilunar, bordered in front with a row of slender 
pointed scales. 

The neck. — There is no gular fold, but a well-marked fold exists on each side 
of the neck, between the foramen auditorium and the scapula; scales upon the 
chin and throat smooth — those upon the throat rounded posteriorly ; scales upon 
the abdomen smooth, rhomboidal — those upon the under part of the tail pointed 
posteriorly, and strongly carinated, except towards the anus; two large and 
smooth scales a short distance in front of the vent, and two smaller ones ; scales 
upon the under surface of the extremities smooth — those upon the abdomen also 
smooth, pointed posteriorly ; scales upon the back of the neck, dorsum, and upper 
part of the tail, strongly carinated, the points of the carinse projecting slightly 
beyond the scales — the posterior margins bi-punctate ; scales upon the back much 
larger than those upon the sides; upper surface of extremities covered with 
carinated scales ; palms of the anterior and posterior extremities protected by 
small carinated and rhomboidal ones — those of the fingers transverse; ten 
distinct pores may be counted upon each thigh — none in front of the anus. 

Coloration. — General color above bluish-gray, with a series of dark-colored 
spots on each side ; a bluish colored vitta extending on each side of the neck 
and along the back ; an oval space of a bluish color upon each side of the 
abdomen, margined with black, the marginations extending from the groins to 
the axillae, and upon the flanks; upper part of the tail grayish; throat and under 
surface of extremities bluish ; under part of tail white. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 6 lines ; greatest breadth, 4 lines ; length of 
neck and body to vent, 1 inch 5 lines ; of tail, 3 inches 2 lines ; of anterior 
extremities, 10 lines ; of posterior, 1 inch 4£ lines ; total length, 5 inches 1 line. 

Habitat. — San Antonio, Texas. 



ScELOPORUS MARMORATUS, HalloWell. 

Sp. Char. — Two small plates behind the rostral and between the nostrils, the 
two first more or less linear ; six plates upon the frontal region ; behind these 
five plates, surrounding one which is pentagonal ; posterior to these, midway 
between the supraciliary ridges, a single large hexagonal plate, (interorbitar ;) 
snout rather pointed, more narrow than in delicatissimus ; body slender, scales 
bi-punctate posteriorly. 

Description.— The head of this species is more depressed than that of the 
preceding, and the snout is longer and more pointed ; there is also a marked 
difference in the form and arrangement of the scales upon the frontal portion of 
it ; the rostral plate is triangular and narrow, broad at its base ; immediately 
behind it are two small, narrow, oblong plates, in contact with which posteriorly 
are two other broader polygonal ones, situated between the small plates, in con- 
tact with the nostrils. The nostrils are small and circular, looking upward and out- 
ward, and backward. Behind these four internasal plates are four which differ 
in size and shape ; the two anterior are the smallest. These plates are arranged 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. Ill 

in a semicircular row ; behind this row are five, with one in the centre, which is 
pentagonal. The posterior interorbitar is single, and is more or less pentagonal 
in shape. Five distinct plates may be counted upon the supraciliary ridge ; these 
plates are bordered above and below with small plates of irregular size. The 
eyelids are covered with small granular scales. The occipital plate is large and 
pentagonal ; eight scales, more or less quadrilateral, border it anteriorly, and 
upon its sides; seven narrow oblong plates margin the upper jaw on each side, 
and five are observed upon the lower. The mental plate is small and triangular ; 
immediately behind it are two plates of about equal dimensions, their external 
and posterior angle terminating in a point. The aural apertures are oval, present- 
ing several small scales along their anterior border. Scales upon the back 
carinated, the carinee extending slightly beyond the extremities of the scales, 
which present two minute denticulations posteriorly. The scales upon the neck 
are smaller than those upon the back; those at the base of the tail are the 
largest; scales of the extremities carinated upon their upper surface. Ten or 
eleven pores may be counted upon each thigh, not extending beyond it. 

Coloration. — Olive-green above, with a row of indistinct dark-colored spots on 
each side of the back and upper part of the tail ; a narrow band of light-blue on 
each side of the back and neck, extending from the temples as far as the root of 
the tail ; a black longitudinal blotch along the sides of the body, reaching from 
the anterior to the posterior extremities, coalescing with a narrow band of the 
same color upon the abdomen; these bands are separated from each other upon 
the belly by a thin strip of white ; the enclosed space on each side is light olive- 
green; chin light azure; throat and under part of neck silvery white; under 
part of extremities and tail white. 

Dimensions — Length of head, 6£ lines ; greatest breadth, 4 lines ; length of 
neck and body, 1 inch 4£ lines ; length of tail, 2 inches 10 lines ; length of pos- 
terior extremities, 9 lines ; of anterior, 9 lines ; total length, 4 inches 9 lines. 

Habitat. — San Antonio, Texas. 



Genus PLESTIODON, Diuneril and Bibron. 

Gen. char. — Nostrils opening in the middle, or almost the middle of 
the nasal plate ; two supero-nasal plates ; palate with a median groove, 
enlarged at its anterior extremity; pterygoid teeth; scales smooth. 

Plestiodon obsoletum, Baird and Girard. 

Sp. char. — Head of moderate size, slightly swollen at the temples ; a freno- 
nasal plate ; ears oval in shape, vertical, with three small scales upon their ante- 
rior margin; the upper surface of head, body, extremities, and tail, dun or 
fawn-color; the scales tipped with black posteriorly; under surface silvery white. 

Description. — The head is of moderate size, but slightly swollen at the temples, 
somewhat depressed above ; the rostral place is heptagonal, its general appear- 
ance resembling that of a triangle, rather more extended transversely than 



112 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

antero-posteriorly ; the supero-nasal are contiguous and more or less quadri- 
lateral ; the freno-nasal is a very small plate, placed between the nasal and the 
anterior frenal; the inter-nasal is hexagonal, broader than long; it is in con- 
tact with the supero-nasal, the anterior frenal, and the fronto-nasal plates ; the 
fronto-nasal are pentagonal, their inner margin the smallest; the frontal is 
hexagonal, long, more narrow behind, excavated laterally; the fronto-parietal 
are pentagonal, their external margin the longest; the inter-parietal is much 
broader in front, presenting an acute angle posteriorly ; the parietal are quite 
large, pentagonal ; there are three temporal plates, of which the one near the 
posterior angle of the eye is the smallest ; it is quadrangular in shape, the pos- 
terior angle being somewhat rounded ; the anterior frenal is more or less quad- 
rangular, more extended vertically than in the transverse direction ; the second 
frenal is pentangular, more extended transversely than vertically ; there are two 
freno-orbitar plates, of which the posterior is much smaller than the anterior; 
the nostrils are placed in a single plate, on the sides of the snout, and look out- 
ward and upward; several plates margin the upper jaw, of which the two poste- 
rior are the largest; there are five plates on each side of the lower jaw; the 
mental plate is about twice as broad as it is long ; the eyelids are bordered each 
with a row of quadrangular scales ; the rest of their surface is covered with small 
granules ; the ears are oval, having three small scales along their anterior margin ; 
scales smooth, hexagonal, imbricated ; a row of hexagonal scales upon the under 
part of the tail, resembling those of serpents. 

Coloration. — Head above ash-colored; marginal plates of upper jaw bordered 
with black posteriorly ; body above drab-colored ; color lighter upon the tail and 
the posterior extremities ; the posterior margins of the scales upon the upper 
part and sides tipped with black ; the black margin appears less distinct upon 
the scales upon the upper part of the neck ; chin, throat, abdomen, under part 
of tail, and extremities, silvery white. 

Dimensions.— Length of head, 9 lines ; breadth, 5£ lines posteriorly ; length of 
body, 2 inches 10 lines; length of tail, 3 inches 10 lines; length of anterior 
extremities, 10£ lines; of posterior, 1 inch 5 lines. Total length, 7 inches 5 
lines. 

Habitat.— Near the Rio San Pedro, Texas. 



Genus LAMPROSAURUS, Hallowell. 

Gen. char. — Head conical, pointed, rostral vertical, the supra-nasals, 
one on each side, contiguous; internasal large; nostrils between two 
nasal plates ; two fronto-parietal s ; tympanum depressed ; a few small 
scales in front of the ear ; no gular fold, or fold upon the neck ; body 
and extremities slender ; toes 5-5 ; scales smooth and shining, similar 

upon back and abdomen, rounded posteriorly ; eyelids ; proeanal 

scales large ; no femoral pores ; no palatine or sphenoidal teeth. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 113 



Lamprosaurus guttulatus. 

Sp. char. — For specific characters, see account of color in the description. 
Add total length, 2 inches 6 lines. 

Description. — The head is elongated, conical, and pointed, rounded above and 
in front ; the rostral plate is vertical, pentangular, not grooved inferiorly, a little 
larger apparently in the vertical direction than transversely ; there are two nasal 
plates, with the nostril between them ; there are two supra-nasals, one on each 
side, contiguous, rhomboidal ; the internasal is large, in contact laterally with 
the supra-nasal and the freno-nasal plate, in front with the supero-nasal, poste- 
riorly with the fronto-nasal ; the fronto-nasal are pentagonal, larger than the 
supero-nasal, their internal angle prolonged : they are in contact anteriorly with 
the internasal and the freno-nasal, laterally with the freno-orbitar, and the ante- 
rior supra-orbitar, posteriorly with the frontal ; the frontal plate is long and 
hexagonal, broader in front, excavated laterally ; the fronto-parietal are large 
and quadrilateral, larger than the fronto-nasal ; the interparietal is broad and rather 
short, rounded posteriorly, tire anterior angle passing in between the fronto- 
parietals ; the parietal are large ; there are five supra-orbitar plates, the third 
the largest ; there are seven superior labials on one side, and eight on the other, 
the last the largest ; body and extremities slender ; tail, according to Dr. Ham 
mond, nearly as long as the body, (mutilated in the specimen;) fourth toe much 
longer than the third, and stouter; third and fourth fingers of nearly equal 
length ; body covered above with smooth imbricated scales, broad and rounded 
posteriorly ; the scales upon the abdomen are similar to those upon the back ; 
no femoral or anal pores: chin, throat, and extremities covered with smooth 
imbricated scales. 

Color. — Body and upper surface of extremities black ; a row of seven or eight 
white spots along the margin of the upper jaw ; a row of white spots along the 
inferior margin of the supra-orbitar plates, continuous with which row is a white 
spot upon the fronto-nasal, and another upon the parietal plates ; the rest of the 
upper surface, sides, and front part of the head is jet black, with the exception 
of a small white spot along the upper margin of the third supra-orbitar, and one 
which is indistinct upon the freno-nasal plate ; chin black ; throat, abdomen, and 
under surface of extremities iron-gray, with a shining lustre. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 4 lines ; greatest breadth, 2| lines ; length of 
neck and body, 1 inch ; length of anterior extremities, 5 lines ; of posterior ex- 
tremities, 6| lines; of tail, about 1 inch 2 lines. 

Habitat. — New Mexico, Fort Fillmore, below the Jornada del Muerto ; found 
also at El Paso ; rare, Dr. Hammond having seen but two specimens. The 
specimen above described was found by Dr. Hammond, surgeon of the United 
States army, and presented by him to the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia. 



114 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Genus ELGARIA, Gray. 

Gen. char. — Head pyramidal, shielded ; internasal large, rhombic ; 
supra-nasals, 2 pair, very narrow, band-like; fronto-nasal and fronto- 
parietal six-sided, equal ; the occipital plates scale-like ; scales of the 
back and tail slightly keeled ; limbs feeble ; toes 5-5 ; tail slender, 
tapering, much longer than body. 

Elgaria marginata. 

Sp. char. — Head and upper part of body and tail olive-colored ; a few minute 
points alo*ng the middle line of the back; nine or ten transverse bars of black along 
the sides, their posterior margin bordered with white ; under-surface greenish-olive, 
immaculate. 

Description. — The head is rather long, rounded above and upon the temples ; 
the rostral plate is rounded in front, broader than%ng, more or less pentagonal; 
there are two supero-nasals on each side of the head, long and narrow; the 
internasal is large, broader than long, rhomboidal; the fronto-nasal and the 
fronto-parietal are of nearly equal size, more or less pentagonal; the frontal 
plate is long and slender, much excavated laterally, heptagonal; interparietal 
hexagonal, much broader in front than posteriorly; parietal large; there are 
three occipital plates, resembling scales ; there are five large supra-orbitar 
plates, of which the second is larger than either of the others ; behind these 
plates and the superior margin of the upper eyelid are two rows of small scales, 
six in the lower and three in the upper row; the temples are covered with 
numerous scales ; the nostrils are situated widely apart, between the two nasal 
plates; there is a small narrow freno-nasal; the anterior frenal plates are small 
and more or less quadrangular ; the posterior is much larger, extending upward 
upon the front part of the head, where it is in contact with the fronto-nasal and. 
the inter-nasal; the freno-orbitar is quite small, broader above; eleven plates 
margin the upper jaw on one side (the left) and twelve the other, the posterior 
the largest; the eyes are of moderate size, the eyelids covered with small gran- 
ulations; body and limbs quite slender; tail longer than the body; neck without 
a fold; body covered upon the back and sides with rhomboidal scales, each 
having a distinct carina in the middle ; scales of chin, throat, abdomen, and 
under part of tail smooth; scales of tail arranged in circular rows, carmated 
above and upon the sides. 

Coloration. — Upper part of head, body, and tail olive-color ; seven or eight 
small black spots along the middle line of the back; a series of dark-colored 
transverse bands along the sides, margined with white posteriorly; a dark-colored 
band along the temples, extending across the sides of the neck; extremities 
above dark olive ; chin, throat, abdomen, and under part of extremities silvery 
white with a slight tinge of yellow, maculated with numerous small dark-colored 
spots. 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 115 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 4| lines ; greatest breadth, 2 lines ; length of 
neck and body to vent, 1 inch; length of tail 1 inch, (mutilated;) length of ante- 
rior extremities, 4£ lines ; of posterior, 6| lines. 

Habitat. — New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande. 



Genus CROTAPHYTUS, Holbrook. 

Gen. char. — Head short, sub-triangular, rounded in front, and covered 
with small plates ; no palatine teeth ; tongue obtuse in front, slightly 
notched, covered with minute papillae ; lips furnished with a double 
series of oblong plates ; nostrils open in a single plate, surrounded with 
small scales ; tympanum depressed in the meatus, which has its ante- 
rior border more or less denticulated ; neck below smooth, but with an 
oblique depression on each side ; body short, depressed, and covered 
with large carniated and imbricate scales above, and with smooth plates 
upon the abdomen ; tail very long, large, and depressed at its base, 
rounded toward its tip ; neither dorsal nor caudal crest ; there are 
femoral, but no anal, pores. — Holbrook. 

Crotaphytus fasciatus, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Head of moderate size, triangular, slightly swollen at the temples; 
body slender ; anterior extremities idem ; tail nearly three times as long as the 
body, (including neck and extending to vent;) body covered with small granulations, 
ash-colored, with seven or eight narrow transverse bands upon the back, of the 
color of vermillion; bands of a similar color upon tail; legs banded; abdomen 
covered with quadrangular scales; femoral pores in the male very distinct. 

Description. — The head is subtriangular, rounded in front, slightly swollen at 
the temples, covered above with polygonal tubercles, larger anteriorly ; a row 
considerably larger than the rest runs along the middle line of the front part of 
the head, midway between the nostrils; these tubercles are much smaller anil of 
more uniform size upon the temples; they are also small over the orbits; the 
occipital plate is of moderate size and rather indistinct ; the supraciliary ridges 
are well developed; the external margin of the eyelid is bordered with a row of 
quadrangular scales, external to which is another row upon the lower lid with 
pointed extremities, presenting a well marked denticulation ; the lids are 
covered with minute granulations ; the nostrils are large, oval, lateral, looking 
outward and slightly backward, situated in a single scale; the rostral plate is 
narrow, quadrangular, much more extended transversely than in the vertical 
direction; the upper jaw is bordered with a row of seventeen plates ; the external 
opening of the ear is very apparent, oval, its anterior border presenting a few 
small denticulations : neck folded ; body slender, covered above with small granu- 
lations, rather larger upon the back than upon the sides ; anterior extremities 



116 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

slender ; posterior well developed, both covered above with granulations, rather 
larger in front than posteriorly; several rows of small plates along the margin of 
the lower jaw ; chin and throat covered with small granulations ; abdomen covered 
with smooth hexagonal and quadrangular scales ; anterior surface of arms and 
forearms covered with small granulations — of thighs and legs, with scales similar to 
those upon the abdomen ; femoral pores very distinct ; no anal ones ; a row of 
large scales behind the vent in the male ; tail very long and slender, posteriorly 
covered with smooth quadrangular scales near its root, hexagonal posteriorly ; 
these scales are distinctly verticillate throughout the greater part of the length of 
the tail, less so anteriorly, and carinated both anteriorly and posteriorly, except 
within about two inches of its root ; femoral pores very distinct. 

Coloration. — Head of the specimen examined of a light yellow color, with numer- 
ous small brown spots disseminated upon its surface ; a dark-colored bar upon the 
temples, between the orbit and ear ; chin and throat marked with dark-colored 
lines and bkjtckes ; body ash-color above, presenting numerous small points upon 
its surface, and marked with transverse bars of a vermillion-color during life ; 
upper surface of extremities resembling in color that of the abdomen ; the thighs, 
and more especially the legs, marked with transverse bars of a vermillion-color 
during life; abdomen flesh-color; tail ash, beautifully banded with transverse 
fasciae of vermillion. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 10£ lines ; greatest breadth, 7 lines ; length of 
neck and body, 2£ inches; length of tail, 6£ inches; of anterior extremities, 1 inch 
5 lines ; of posterior, 2 inches 5 lines. 

Habitat. — Sand-hills at the lower end of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico. 

Remarks. — This animal differs from the Crotaphytus Wizlizenii of Professors 
Baird and Girard, in the size and shape of the head, that of Wizlizenii being 
about a quarter of an inch longer ; the latter is also broader, and the snout 
less pointed ; the neck also in fasciatus is much more contracted, and the body 
and both anterior and posterior extremities are much less robust. In addition to 
these distinguishing characteristics, sufficient of themselves to separate the two 
animals, there exist in fasciatus seven or eight narrow transverse bands, of a 
light vermillion-color, upon the back, which are not observed in the other 
species. 



Genus HOMALOSAURUS, Hallowell. 

Gen. char.- — Head depressed, covered above with polygonal scales ; 
nostrils superior ; occipital plate distinct ; temples not swollen ; mar- 
ginal plates of the upper jaw imbricate ; external openings of the ears ; 
throat folded ; upper surface of neck, body, and tail, covered with granu- 
lations ; abdomen and under surface of tail with smooth quadrangular 
scales; femoral pores; tail but little longer than the body; body and 
extremities slender. 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 117 



HOMALOSAURUS VENTRALIS. 



Sp. char. — Head silvery white, with a tinge of yellow ; body above ash-colored, 
thickly maculated with small white spots irregularly disposed ; transverse dark- 
colored bars upon the posterior extremities and base of tail; abdomen silvery 
white, with two longitudinal blue-colored blotches having two oblique bars of 
black running across them ; two small blue spots upon base of tail. 

Description. — The head is of moderate size, rounded above, not swollen at the 
temples ; it presents a small rostral which is more or less triangular, with the 
exception of the occipital, which is very distinct, and somewhat circular in form; 
the upper part of the head is covered with polygonal scales of various sizes, 
larger upon the front part of the head, smaller over the eyes ; the nostrils are 
oval, superior, placed in a single scale, and look upward and outward ; they are a 
line apart, and a line distant from the anterior extremity of the snout ; a row of 
longitudinal scales, five or six in number, placed one above the other, constitutes 
the supraciliary ridge ; the eyelids are covered with numerous small granulations ; 
the inferior border of the upper is bordered with a row of small quadrate scales ; 
the superior border of the lower is strongly denticulated ; temples covered with 
polygonal scales of various sizes; the superior margin of the upper jaw is pro- 
tected by a row of seven or eight plates, of which the two or three last are 
smaller than the others ; these scales present a rounded edge upon their external 
border, and are placed one above the other; the lower jaw is margined with 
about twenty-seven or twenty-eight small plates ; behind these is a row of larger 
ones, the interspace being filled up with polygonal scales of various sizes ; chin 
and throat covered with smooth granules, larger upon the chin ; ears oval, with a 
tympanum beneath the level of the surrounding surface ; the anterior margin of 
the ear presents several small tubercles, and upon its anterior border is observed 
a row of scales considerably larger than those upon the temples ; neck but slightly 
contracted ; body long and rather slender, covered with numerous small and smooth 
rhomboidal granulations, larger upon the back than upon the sides ; tail covered 
with similar granulations, but larger, having more the form of scales ; there are 
two distinct folds upon the throat and neck, the inferior one extending over the 
shoulder ; the abdomen is covered with smooth quadrangular plates ; the plates 
upon the anterior part of the shoulder are larger than the rest, and terminate in 
a point; upper surface of arms covered with scales, many of which appear to be 
distinctly carinated ; the carinse are more distinct upon the arms, the scales ter- 
minating in a point ; thighs covered above with small and smooth granulations of 
nearly equal size ; legs with slightly carinated scales ; scales of hands and feet 
above smooth, of nearly equal size ; under part of arms covered with smooth 
scales; upon the forearm they are less slightly carinated; the scales upon the 
legs are much larger than those upon the inner and posterior surface of the 
thighs; those of the soles of the feet more or less smooth — of the palms, for the 
most part carinated ; the fingers and toes are covered with imbricated scales ; 
they are distinctly carinated upon the under surface ; fourteen very distinct pores 
may be counted upon one thigh, and fifteen upon the other ; there are five fingers 



118 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

and as many toes to each of the extremities ; of the fingers the fourth is somewhat 
longer than the third; of the toes the second is much longer than the third, being 
about ten lines in length ; there are two large and smooth scales posterior to the 
anus, with two small ones between them. 

Coloration. — The head is of a uniform white color, slightly tinged with yellow ; 
the ground color of the body above is ash, presenting numerous white or slightly 
yellowish-colored spots, disseminated over its surface, of unequal size, and dis- 
posed in an irregular manner ; upper surface of anterior extremities silvery white ; 
tail and posterior extremities above white, with a yellow tinge, and clouded with 
transverse dark-colored blotches; under surface of extremities and chest silvery 
white ; two small blue spots near the base of the tail ; on each side of the abdo- 
men is a blue longitudinal blotch or bar, with two oblique ones of a deep raven 
black, their broadest part presenting inward; these dark-colored blotches are 
about a line apart. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 7^ lines ; greatest breadth, 6 lines ; length of 
neck and body to arms, 2 inches 2£ lines— of tail (in the specimen examined, 
which appears to have been mutilated and restored,) 2 inches 3 lines; body, 1 
inch 5 lines in circumference ; length of anterior extremities, 1 inch 7% lines — 
of feet, 1 inch 2 lines; total length, 5 inches 1 line. 

Habitat. — New Mexico. 

Gen. remarks. — This animal approaches Crotaphytus, but the nostrils are supe- 
rior instead of being lateral, as in the latter genus. The head of Crotaphytus is 
covered with tubercles, and the occipital plate either does not exist or is small 
and ill-defined ; the temples are less swollen than in Crotaphytus, which has but a 
single row of plates along the border of the lower jaw; the forearm is shorter and 
much more robust, and the longest fingers are of nearly equal length in Crotaphytus . 
In Homalosaurus, the fourth finger is considerably longer than the third. The 
nostrils in Holbrookia are situated as in Homalosaurus, and the plates aloug the 
margin of the upper jaw have the same configuration and arrangement; the plates 
along the under jaw also resemble those of Homalosaurus, and the occipital plate 
is very distinct, which, as well as most of the plates upon the upper part of the 
head, is smooth ; a considerable number of granulations, however, are observed 
above the supraciliary ridge, at its anterior and posterior part, chiefly in the 
former position, but in Holbrookia there are no external ears, the ear lying 
immediately behind the integument which covers it. Both Holbrookia and Cro- 
taphytus have femoral pores, but no anal ones, of which also Crotaphytus is 
destitute. 



Genus PHRYNOSOMA, Weigmann. 

Gen. chae. — Head short, rounded in front, bordered at the sides and 
behind with spines more or less elevated, covered above with small, 
polygonal, nearly equally-sized plates; nostrils lateral near the snout, 
and opening in the middle of the nasal plate ; margin of the external 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 119 

meatus of the ear simple; tynpanuui visible, but depressed; throat with 
a transverse fold ; body short, oval, much depressed, with a denticulated 
margin at the flank, and covered above with trihoedral tubercles arising 
from among small, imbricated scales ; neither spinal nor caudal crest ; 
extremities short, denticulated at their borders; fingers or toes, five to 
each extremity ; a range of femoral pores more or less developed ; tail 
hardly the length of the body, and flattened at its base. — 'HolbrooJc. 

Phrynosoma cornutum, Harlan. 

Sp. Char. — Body compressed, covered above with polygonal scales and sharp- 
pointed tubercles: head small; occiput surrounded with numerous spines; abdo- 
minal scales carinated; a row of pores on the under surface of each thigh in the 
males. 

Description. — Head small, short and thick, truncated, oblique in front, with a 
well-developed ridge on each side of it, commencing at the outer margin of the 
nostrils, and terminating in a small spine or tubercle ; nostrils large and distinct, 
surrounded with a series of narrow scales; head covered above with numerous 
polygonal scales of unequal size, assuming, upon the occiput, more or less the 
form of pointed tubercles ; occipital plate large ; occiput bordered posteriorly with 
a row of spines, nine in number, increasing in size until the fourth, which are the 
longest, and have a very small one placed between them; ears small and sunken; 
mouth small; inferior margin of lower jaw bordered with a row of spines seven in 
number, increasing in size until the last, which is more pointed than the rest ; 
rostral plate small and pentagonal, longer in its transverse than in its antero-pos- 
terior direction; nostril-plate very narrow, with the opening for the nostril in its 
centre placed near the snout, looking upward and outward; pupil black; iris dark 
gray(?) there are about twelve small quadrilateral plates upon the margin of the 
upper jaw, the posterior smaller than the rest; about the same number upon the 
lower, larger and more distinct than upon the upper; between these and the row 
of spines above mentioned are two series of small scales, the superior of which 
alone occupies the angle formed by their convergence anteriorly ; upon the outer 
margin of the depression in which the eye is placed is a semicircular row of 
pointed tubercles, the largest of which is just in advance of the first occipital 
spine. This row commences somewhat in advance of the angle of the lower jaw, 
nearly midway between its inferior margin and that of the orbit, and terminates 
in the spine or pointed tubercle at the posterior extremity of the supraciliary 
ridge ; the space upon the labial portions of the occiput between this ridge and 
the large pointed spines upon its posterior border is occupied with numerous 
small polygonal scales of nearly equal size, those in the middle being somewhat 
larger than the rest; teeth small; external meatus of the ear rather large and 
oval; a line drawn from the base of the spine which terminates the inferior mar- 
gin of the lower jaw posteriorly to the base of the third occipital spine would 
pass through its middle. The under surface of the chin u covered with small 



120 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

rhomboidal scales of nearly equal size ; towards its outer margin on either side is 
a row of pointed scales, longer than the rest, running nearly in the same direction 
Tjith those upon the margin of the lower jaw, hut separated from them by several 
rows of smaller scales ; neck short, folded transversely, and upon the sides ; the 
folds upon the sides (the inferior more especially) are more or less protected by 
sharp spines. Body short, much flattened, rounded at the sides, covered above 
with small rhomboidal carinated and polygonal scales, and with numerous pointed 
tubercles of unequal size. The vertebral line is occupied by about four rows of 
small polygonal scales, and has a flattened appearance ; on either side of it are 
several rows of pointed tubercles of unequal size and irregularly disposed, each 
of which is surrounded by others similar in form, but of smaller dimensions, and 
offering less resistance than upon the back. Two series of spines extend from 
the shoulder to the thigh along the margins of the abdomen, the upper of which 
is the larger of the two. The space between them is covered with scales 
resembling those between the folds of the neck and thighs ; thorax and abdomen 
covered with large rhomboidal and carinated scales ; those upon the thorax are 
very distinct ; tail short, broad at its base, and flattened, covered above with car- 
inated scales and tubercles ; the carinae are more developed posteriorly ; under 
surface also covered with rhomboidal and carinated scales ; the carinas are very 
distinct except toward the base, where they are less so ; vent transverse, with 
several rows of small scales before and behind, more numerous posteriorly; ante- 
rior extremities well developed, covered above with strongly carinated and 
pointed spines ; scales below smaller than those above, not terminating, like them, 
in a sharp point ; they are also carinated, but the carinae are less distinct than 
those above, more especially on the inside of the hunerus, where they are nearly 
smooth. There are five fingers, each furnished with a short and recurved nail. 
Posterior extremities slender and longer than the anterior, covered above with 
carinated scales and pointed tubercles ; scales below rhomboidal and moderately 
carinated ; those upon the posterior surface of the thigh smaller and more irre- 
gular in shape than the rest, but, like them, distinctly carinated. There are five 
distinct toes, of which the fourth is the longest, each furnished with a short and 
curved nail. There are about ten or twelve pores on the inferior surface of each 
thigh, well developed. 

Color. — Head ash-color above ; a transverse line of black extending from the 
base of the pointed spine, which terminates the supraciliary ridge posteriorly, to 
the base of the spine, upon the opposite side. In advance of this are two other 
transverse black lines, somewhat broader than the first. A dark-colored bar 
extends from the inferior margin of the eye to the angle of the mouth ; it is much 
broader below than above. Another bar extends from the posterior and inferior 
margin of the eye, across the lower lid, to the base of the two anterior of the 
occipital spines, becoming broader as it descends. Occipital spines dirty white, 
except the two longest, which are tipped with black, and chesnut-colored at their 
bases; under part of chin silvery white; body, neck, and upper part of tail, ash- 
colored, with a narrow vertebral line of a lighter color extending from the root of 
the neck to near the extremity of the tail. On each side of the neck is a broad 
dark-colored blotch, extending about midway between the elbow and shoulder. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 121 

Upon the upper part of the back, nearly on a line with the elbow, (the arm being 
placed against the side of the body,) is a large sub-round, dark-colored spot, 
having nearly in its centre a large spine, the base of which is surrounded by a 
narrow border of chesnut. Posterior to this, and placed at equal distances from 
each other and the spots above mentioned, are two oblong transverse bars, placed 
likewise on either side of the vertebral line. Tail ash-colored above, with three 
dark-colored spots or blotches on each side of the vertebral line ; that at the root 
is much larger than either of the others — upon its extremity are seen three or 
four blackish bands. Thorax and abdomen yellowish, with numerous dark-colored 
spots disseminated over its surface; under surface of tail and extremities of 
same color as abdomen. 

Dimensions. — Length of head to root of occipital spines, 7 lines; length, meas- 
ured from posterior termination of supraciliary ridge to inferior and posterior 
margin of lower jaw, 5 lines; length of body from head to vent, 2| inches; length 
of tail beyond vent, 1| inch ; length of anterior extremities, 1 inch 4 lines ; of 
toes, 1 inch IO3 lines. 

Dimensions of largest specimen. — Length of head, § of an inch; greatest 
breadth, including spines, 11 lines; extent of profile of head, 8 lines — taken 
immediately behind the orbit ; length of body, 2 inches 3 lines ; greatest breadth, 
2 inches 2 lines ; length of anterior extremities, 1 inch 9 lines ; of posterior, 
2 inches 1 line ; of tail, 1 inch 7 lines ; breadth at base* 8 lines. 

Habitat. — Western Texas. 

Anatomy. — The abdomen, before being opened, presented to the touch the 
sensation of numerous hard and rounded bodies, which, on dissection, were found 
to be ova, existing in considerable numbers, about the size of peas, occupying 
nearly one half of the abdominal cavity; they were closely agglomerated, and 
situated for the most part in the right inferior portion of it. Forty eggs were 
counted in the ovaries, each about three lines in diameter. Immediately on their 
left, and on a line with their upper margin, are observed the stomach and a part 
of the small intestine. The liver is quite large, and occupies the upper portion 
of the abdominal cavity, extending across it, and reaching as far down on the left 
side as its lower third, where it lies in contact with the ovaries. The remains of 
the urachus are very distinctly seen, having the form of a slender ligament, 
attached to the under portion of the liver, near its anterior margin, and below to 
the peritoneum lining the lower portion of the abdominal cavity. The liver is 
slightly fissured upon its under surface, and has a small gall bladder situated 
near its anterior margin ; it measures 2 inches 10 lines in breadth, by 6 or 7 lines 
in length. There is no diaphragm. The lungs lie in the posterior part of the 
cavity common to the thorax and abdomen, behind and above the liver, in contact 
with the ribs and spine, and at their inferior border with the ovaries. The heart is 
small, 5£ lines in length by 6 in breadth; it presents two auricles, between which 
pass upward the aorta anteriorly, and posteriorly the pulmonary artery. The 
parietes of the esophagus are of moderate thickness ; its inner surface is thrown 
into numerous folds. The stomach is a slender organ, measuring two and a half 
inches in length along its greater curvature, much larger at its superior than at 
its inferior extremity. It contained a large quantity of ants, being quite distended 



122 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

with them. Its lining membrane is perfectly pale ; no crypts could be observed 
upon it. The intestines measured nine and a half inches in length; their parietes 
are quite thin, their diameter, in a contracted state, not being more than a line ; 
they presented numerous dilatations of a dark bluish color, formed by immense 
numbers of conglomerated ants ; no other food was found in the stomach and intes- 
tines but ants ; a large mass of the debris of these, about an inch in length, 
existed within about an inch of the cloaca, which contained two calculi, each about 
two lines in diameter. The spleen is quite small, its greatest diameter being about 
two lines ; no pancreas could be detected. The kindneys are an inch in length 
by two lines in breadth; they present numerous plicae, having deep fissures 
between them. At the inferior portion of the abdomen, attached to its parietes, 
and on each side of the pubis, are two large leaf-like appendages of an olive-green 
color, about ten lines in length, consisting of masses of fat. The use of these 
does not appear to be known. 

Phrynosoma coronatum, Blainville. 

Sp. char. — Head short and thick, truncated obliquely in front, in its general 
appearance resembling that of cornutum ; occiput bordered with a row of nine or 
more spines; nostrils opening at the anterior extremity of the supraciliary ridge; 
three imbricated rows of large and pointed scales on each side of the chin, separ- 
ated from each other and from a large row which borders its external margin, by 
several series of smaller scales. Body covered above and upon the sides with 
rhomboidal scales and granulations, intermingled with numerous large and pointed . 
tubercles. Two rows of spines upon the flanks, the superior much the larger; a 
row of large and pointed spines on each side of the tail 

Description. — Head short and thick, truncated obliquely in front, and covered 
above with large polygonal scales, pointed and more elevated upon the occiput ; 
supraciliary ridges arched and prominent, projecting obliquely over the eye, each 
terminating in a pointed spine or tubercle posteriorly ; openings of the nostrils 
circular, placed at the anterior extremity of the supraciliary ridge, their direc- 
tion upward and outward ; eyes large, deeply sunken in the orbit ; upper and 
lower lids granulated; five plates upon the supraciliary ridge; rostral plate small 
and pentagonal, broad in its transverse direction. There are eight labial plates 
upon the upper jaw, not extending to the angle of the mouth; occiput bordered 
posteriorly with a crown of spines, thirteen in number, extending from one angle 
of the jaw to the other; the two inferior on each side are very small; inferior 
labial plates, twelve in number — the two posterior larger and more pointed than 
the rest, which are quite small. On the under surface of the chin, on each side 
of it, there are three rows of large and closely imbricated scales and pointed 
spines, the points of the spines looking outward and backward ; the innermost of 
these rows is separated from the one opposite along the median line of the chin 
by three rows of smaller scales, the middle one of which bifurcates towards its 
posterior extremity; the triangular space included between the lines of bifurca- 
tion is occupied by a number of smaller scales or granulations. The outer row 
is separated from a series of very large and pointed scales or tubercles, running 
along the under margin of the lower jaw, by three or four rows of smaller scales. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 123 

These marginal scales are but slightly pointed posteriorly, except the last, which 
are much larger than the rest. These large spines are situated just beneath the 
angle of the mouth, and are placed somewhat above and apart from the rest, 
which form a continuous series, having their bases surrounded inferiorly by a row 
of small and pointed spines. This series differs from that in cornutum. in being 
less pointed posteriorly, and also in its relative position, being separated from the 
inferior marginal plates by a single row of very pointed scales, almost impercep- 
tible. A few additional scales may be noticed posteriorly, but the arrangement 
of the whole is such as to make the interval between these tubercles and the 
inferior labial plates much less than in either of the other series. The spines 
upon the head are longer than in cornutum; occipital plates large and polygonal ; 
meatus auditorius large and oval, placed almost vertically ; neck short and con- 
tracted, rounded above, covered with pointed tubercles and very minute granular 
scales. There is a large transverse fold upon its under surface which is granu- 
lated. There are several folds also upon its sides, which are protected to a cer- 
tain extent by large and pointed scales. Body rather short, rounded at its sides, 
less depressed than in the other species, covered above with granulations and 
rhomboidal carinated scales, intermixed with large trihsedral and pointed tuber- 
cles. The latter are arranged in four rows on either side of the vertebral line, 
and are each surrounded with small tubercles. The vertebral line extends from 
the root of the neck to the extremity of the tail; it is broader than in cornutum, 
and is less depressed, its surface being covered with large and rhomboidal scales. 
and pointed tubercles. There are two rows of spines upon the flanks, the inferior 
of which is much smaller than that above it; the surface of the furrow between 
them is covered with numerous small granulations. The thorax and abdomen are 
covered with large and rhomboidal scales, which are indistinctly carinated, and 
pointed behind. The tail is rather longer than in cornutum, and more narrow at 
the base. It is covered above with rhomboidal carinated scales and large pointed 
tubercles. On either side of it is a row of very long and pointed tubercles ex- 
tending from the root to its posterior extremity, giving it a strongly serrated 
appearance. The under surface is covered with large rhomboidal and carinated 
scales, each terminating in a point behind. The anterior extremities are long 
and well developed, covered above and in front with large rhomboidal carinated 
and pointed scales, smaller about the elbow; scales below smaller and less 
strongly carinated ; those about the axillae are smooth and granular. There are 
five fingers distinct, the third and fourth of equal length, each terminating in a 
short and curved nail. Posterior extremities longer than the anterior, and rather 
slender, covered above with carinated scales and very long and pointed tubercles. 
The under surface is covered with large rhomboidal and carinated scales. Those 
upon the thighs are less distinctly carinated than the corresponding ones upon 
the leg, where the carinee are well developed. There are sixteen or eighteen 
pores on the under surface of each thigh, (Holbook.) Toes five in number, dis- 
tinct, the fourth the longest, each furnished with a short and curved nail. 

Color. — Head brownish above, grayish upon the sides ; under surface of chin 
yellowish-white, with numerous dark-colored spots ; upon each side of the back is 
a large oblong, dark-colored blotch of a chestnut-color, extending from the occiput 



REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

and reaching as far as the anterior extremity of the posterior third of the hume- 
rus, the arm being placed against the side of the body. The general color of the 
body above is grayish, mixed with light brown or yellow. The color of the verte- 
bral line is lighter than that of the rest of the body, but has several transverse 
dark-colored bars running across it. On either side of the vertebral line are 
three or four transverse irregular bars or blotches, which are continuous with 
others less distinct upon the vertebral line. Throat and abdomen yellowish-white, 
with numerous dark-colored blotches more or less confluent. Color of tail above 
same as that of body, but the dark-colored spots assume the form of bands ; 
beneath yellowish-white, with a few transverse bars, corresponding with those 
above, but much less distinct. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 9 lines; greatest breadth, 10 lines; breadth be- 
tween tips of pointed tubercles at posterior extremity of supraciliary ridge, 6 
lines ; breadth between nostrils, 2 lines ; depth, measured from posterior termina- 
tion of supraciliary ridge to inferior margin of lower jaw, 5 lines; of body from 
head to vent, 3 inches 2 lines ; of anterior extremities, 2 inches ; of posterior, 2 
inches 65 lines; length of tail beyond the vent, 1| inch; of longest spine of occi- 
put, 4| lines. 

Habitat. — Great desert of the Colorado. 

Phrynosoma planiceps, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Head more depressed, longer, and broader than in cornutum; 
nostrils within the supraciliary ridge ; upper jaw bordered posteriorly with a row 
of pointed spines; central spine of the crown separated from the two adjacent 
spines by a wide interval; front part of the head furrowed in the centre; scales 
of chin of nearly equal size ; abdominal scales smooth or indistinctly carinated ; 
tail longer than in cornutum, and less suddenly tapering to a point ; ground-color 
light yellow or ash (brown mingled with chestnut in cornutum.) 

Description. — The head is of moderate size, depressed, quite broad posteriorly, 
presenting a marked depression upon the frontal portion of it in the centre ; the 
snout is obtuse, differing in this respect from the cornutum, which is more or less 
pointed; the nostrils are situated in a single scale within the supraciliary ridge, 
and look outward and upward ; between the nostrils and the anterior part of the 
muzzle are three distinct plates, two above and one below, the latter more or less 
quadrangular in shape; the front part of the head is covered with polygonal 
tubercles and scales of various sizes, of which those in the centre and those most 
anterior, situated immediately above the internasal plates, appear to be the 
largest ; the area containing these tubercles, and which is comprised between 
the supraciliary ridges and the posterior margin of the frontal portion of the 
head, is shorter and broader than in Phry. cornutum ; the occipital plate is large 
and broad, surrounded with numerous small scales differing in size and shape ; the 
occipital scale is surmounted with a spine, and immediately behind it, and at a 
short distance from it, are two other pointed scales; the number of pointed 
scales in this region of the head appears considerably greater in cornutum; there 
are nine spines upon the posterior part of the head, the central one of which is 
quite small, having its base surrounded by a series of small scales; eyelids 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 125 

covered with minute scales. Of the three lateral spines on each side of the 
posterior part of the head, the middle is the longest ; of the three similarly situ- 
ated in cornutum, the posterior is the longest. The margin of the lower jaw, 
posteriorly, is bordered with a row of pointed spines, which do not exist in 
cornutum, and are separated from the row of larger scales, bordering the inferior 
margin of the jaw by two rows of small scales. Upon the side of the head poste- 
riorly, immediately below the orbit, and in advance of the occipital spines, are 
three or four large and pointed tubercles. The scales upon the temples are of 
moderate size, the central ones the largest. The meatus auditorius is oval, much 
more extended in the vertical direction than antero-posteriorly, and protected in 
front by three or four large and pointed tubercles. The inferior margin of the 
lower jaw is bordered with a row of nine scales on each side, the three posterior 
the largest — the last considerably longer than the others, and terminating in a 
sharp point. Upon the chin on each side is a smaller row, separated from the 
former by seven or eight rows of quite small scales. Neck much folded ; body 
covered above with numerous scales, differing much in size and shape, and 
pointed and strongly carinated tubercles. The vertebral line is occupied by 
about three rows of small scales, having on either side of it tubercles, with black 
or brownish-colored carinse. There are two rows of spines on each side of the 
abdomen, the upper ones the longest ; scales upon the abdomen quadrangular 
and smooth ; extremities of moderate size, rather slender, covered above with 
scales and numerous pointed spines. The posterior surface of the arm presents 
both smooth and indistinctly carinated scales ; under surface of forearm and 
tibiae covered with carinated scales ; under surface of tail covered also with 
similar scales — its upper half presents numerous long and pointed spines upon 
its sides ; a row of twelve very distinct pores on one thigh, and eleven on the 
other, in the male specimen. 

Coloration. — Ground-color light-yellow, or ash. The dark-colored bands upon 
the front part of the head are less broad than in cornutum. The dark-colored 
blotches upon the neck are separated by a broader interval ; those upon the body 
are very similar to those of cornutum, both as respects their form and distribu- 
tion. Abdomen in the specimen examined, much less distinctly maculated than 
in the latter species, one of the specimens presenting no spots whatever. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 9 lines; greatest vertical measurement, 7 lines; 
breadth posteriorly, including spines, 1 inch 2 lines ; length of body to vent, 
3 inches; length of tail, 1 inch 7 lines; length of anterior extremities, 1 inch 
9 lines; of posterior, 2 inches 3^ lines. 

Habitat. — Western Texas. The specimens procured by Dr. Woodhouse were 
found ninety miles below El Paso, where this species is quite abundant. 

Phrynosoma orbiculare, Weigmann. 

Sp. char. — Head short, triangular; snout rounded; lower jaw without spines; 
the three posterior labial plates large and elevated; nostrils open at the anterior 
extremity of the supraciliary ridge ; a pointed tubercle in front of the meatus of 
the ear; abdomen covered with smooth scales; femoral pores fifteen, very dis- 
tinct; body orbicular. 



126 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Seven specimens of Phrynosoma orbiculare were received. They correspond 
very well with the figure of the orbiculare in the Herpetologia Mexicana. The* 
coloration of these specimens, however, varies considerably ; in several the ground 
color is ochraceous, the dark-colored blotches being bordered with yellow. The 
longest measures four inches eight lines, from the tip 0/ the snout to the extremity 
of the tail. On removing the epidermis of the youngest of them, they were 
found to resemble very closely the Phrynosoma douglassii ; douglassii, however, 
I believe to be a distinct species, one of the specimens belonging to the Academy 
measuring 4£ inches in length. Accompanying these are two others, differing 
from them very remarkably in color, being uniformly rufous upon the upper 
surface. Traces only of the dark-colored blotches upon the back are observed. 
In these specimens the two central occipital spines are longer and more robust 
than in any of the others ; the length of these is also four inches eight lines. 
One of the first-mentioned specimens appears to be very old, and in this the 
spines have disappeared from the upper surface of the body. 

Anatomy. — On opening this animal, one is struck with the extent of surface 
occupied by the liver, which, commencing on the right side of the abdomen at its 
upper part, passes obliquely across, and reaches to within little more than one- 
half an inch of the extremity of the abdominal cavity. On the left, lying imme- 
diately above the liver, is the stomach, which is very large, extending from the 
anterior to nearly the posterior extremity of the abdomen, and occupying a very 
large part of the left side of the abdominal cavity. A considerable portion of 
what, from its great size, resembles the large intestine, is seen lying upon the 
right side, presenting a marked contraction, and alongside of it the small intestine, 
in numerous folds. There is no urinary bladder. The lungs are of equal length, 
the left lying in contact with the stomach in front, and the right with the long 
and slender lobe of the liver. The auricles are very large, each beiug nearly, if 
not quite, as large as the ventricle itself. The liver is divided into several lobes ; 
the gall bladder is distinct. The stomach is about two inches in length in its 
natural condition, and an inch and a half in breadth when laid open and distended. 
It was filled with insects, of which the heads of ants appeared to be the most 
conspicuous, and several Coleoptcra, nearly perfect, about an inch in length. The 
entire intestine is about six and a half inches in length, very much contracted at 
intervals ; the lower portion is much distended with debris of food. The last 
contraction is about two and a half inches from the inferior extremity of the 
intestine. Several coleopterous insects were found in this part of the intestine, 
quite as perfect as in the stomach. The greater part of the contents consisted 
of what appeared to be the heads of ants, which insects would seem to be the 
favorite food of this animal. Not a trace of vegetable matter of any kind was 
observed, either in the stomach or intestine. The leaf-like fatty appendages found 
in the lower part of the abdomen of cornutum also existed in this animal. The> 
oviducts were much convoluted, and did not contain any ova, and the ovaries were 
small and undeveloped. (This dissection was of the oldest specimen.) 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 127 



Genus ANOTA, Hallowell. 

Gen. char. — Head small, covered above with polygonal plates ; a 
row of spines posteriorly ; nostrils within the supraciliary ridge ; supra- 
ciliary ridge but slightly developed, terminating posteriorly in a small 
and pointed spine ; chin covered with smooth granulations of unequal 
size; a row of pointed scales on each side; two gular folds; the two 
middle of the row of spines upon the occiput much longer than the rest, 
and incurvated; intermediate spine very small; no external openings 
for the ears ; extremities slender ; upper surface of body smooth, the 
numerous pointed spines of the ordinary Phrynosomata not existing; 
no fringe along the lateral margin of the abdomen ; body compressed, 
oval, or rather pyriform in shape ; tail nearly as long as the body ; 
femoral pores very distinct. 

Anota M'Callii. 

Sp. char. — Upper margin of jaw denticulated posteriorly; the two posteriors 
of the row of spines along the margin of the under jaw small, the two anterior to 
them quite large ; body ash-color above, with a narrow dorsal line of black ex- 
tending from the occiput to the root of the tail ; two oblong dark-colored blotches 
on each side of the neck ; two rows, on each side of the dorsal line, of dark- 
colored sub-circular blotches, two in a, row, the external larger than the internal; 
ground color of upper surface of tail aud extremities same as the rest of the 
upper surface of the body; under surface silvery white, immaculate; twenty 
femoral pores on each side, very distinct. 

Description. — The head is small, covered above with polygonal plates of vari- 
ous forms and dimensions, the largest of which are upon the posterior part of the 
head, where they are slightly tuberculated; those upon the orbit difFer greatly in 
size, those upon the inner and posterior border being much the larger ; the upper 
part of the head presents a marked depression formed by the elevation of the 
orbits, which is occupied with numerous well-defined polygonal plates ; the rostral 
plate is small and pentangular, broader transversely ; immediately above it are 
two small plates, then follow, in a continuous longitudinal row, four plates, of 
which the third is a regular octagon ; the two last of these have, on each side of 
them, two plates, one in front of the other, the anterior more or less quadrilate- 
ral, the posterior pentagonal in sbape; the nostrils open in a single scale, leaving 
a narrow margin surrounded with six polygonal plates. They are situated within 
the supraciliary ridge, and are about a line apart ; eight plates constitute the 
supraorbital- ridge on each side ; the posterior terminates in a point which is 
slightly elevated; the eyelids are covered with small granular scales; three plates 
are observed immediately beneath the orbit on each side, followed by the coro- 
nal row of spines ; of these there are nine which are quite distinct, viz : three on 
each side, the two long and incurvated posterior ones, and the small intermediate 
one ; the spines upon each side of the head anterior to these are quite small ; 



128 REPORT OF* AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

twelve plates margin the upper jaw on each side; the inferior border of a number 
of them is triangular, giving to this portion of a jaw a denticulated appearance ; 
immediately above the marginal plates of the upper jaw are one or two rows of 
small polygonal plates; the external and inferior border of the lower jaw presents 
a row on each side of pointed spines, and two small plates anteriorly ; of these 
spines the two posterior are small, the two in front of them quite large ; there are 
no external openings for the ears, the animal in this respect resembling the genus 
Holbrookia of Professors Baird and Girard, or Cophosaurus of Troschel. The chin 
is covered with smooth polygonal plates ; a longitudinal row of larger scales than 
the rest extends on each side from near the anterior extremity of the under jaw 
almost as far posteriorly as the lateral folds upon the neck ; between this row 
and the inner margin of the jaw are six or seven rows of small quadrangular 
plates; throat much folded, covered with granulations; no spines; on each side is 
a large plate surrounded by nine or ten smaller ones arranged in a circle ; neck 
contracted, body oval, or rather pyriform in shape, covered above with smooth 
scales, many of which are comparatively large, oval or circular in form, sur- 
rounded by numerous other smaller scales ; a few of the larger scales present a 
carina in the middle ; anterior and superior surface of arms and thighs covered 
with carinated scales, posteriorly with granulations ; axillae granulated ; legs and 
forearms covered above with carinated scales ; a number of spiny tubercles are 
observed upon the thighs ; scales of abdomen quadrangular and smooth ; scales 
upon the under part of the thighs smooth — carinated upon under surface of legs 
and forearms ; a row of transverse scales under each of the fingers and toes, with 
a marginal fringe on each side ; third and fourth finger of nearly equal length, the 
third slightly longer than the fourth ; palms and soles of the feet covered with 
carinated scales ; there is no marginal fringe whatever upon the lateral margins 
of the abdomen ; twenty distinct femoral pores may be counted on each side ; two 
large scales posterior to the vent, with three smaller scales between them; extre- 
mities slender; of the toes the fourth is the longest; tail long, flattened, provided 
with a single row of pointed spines on each side; it is broad at its base, gradually 
narrowing to its extremity ; it is covered above with small scales and a few cari- 
nated tubercles ; under surface covered with rhomboidal scales ; those towards its 
extremity are distinctly carinated. 

Coloration. — Body ash-color, with a narrow dorsal line of black extending from 
the occiput to the root of the tail ; an oblong, dark-colored blotch on each side 
of the neck ; two rows on each side of the dorsal line of dark-colored subcircular 
blotches, two in a row, the external larger than the internal; ground color of the 
upper surface of tail and extremities same as that ef the upper surface of the 
body ; under surface silvery white, immaculate. 

Dimensions.— Length of head, 7 lines ; greatest breadth, exclusive of spines, 8 
lines ; length of longest spine, 5| lines ; of the one next to it, 2£ lines ; length of 
anterior extremities, 1 inch 6 lines ; of posterior, 1 inch 9£ lines ; length of neck 
and body to vent, 2 inches 1£ lines ; of tail, 1 inch 8£ lines ; total length, 4 inches 
5 lines. 

Habitat.— Great desert of the Colorado, between Vallecita and Camp Yuma, 
about one hundred and sixty miles east of San Diego. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 129 

Remarks. — The animal above described is a Phrynosoma, the ears of which are 
concealed by the integument. It was caught by Colonel Geo. A. McCall, of the 
United States army, during a recent journey through California and Oregon, and 
presented by him to the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, with two 
young specimens of Phrynosoma coronatum found in the same region. The great 
length of its central posterior spines, its contracted neck, and singularly-shaped 
body and tail, give it a very odd appearance, differing from that of any of the 
known Phrynosomata. 



130 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Order OPHIDIA. 

Genus PITYOPHIS, Holbrook. 

Gen. char. — "Head elongated, oval, four-sided, with the snout pro- 
longed; frontal plates four, in a transverse row ; rostral plate an isosceles 
triangle ; basis rounded and prolonged, its apex pointed and received 
between the anterior frontal ; loral plate single ; two anterior and three 
posterior orbitar plates; maxillary teeth large and numerous, arched 
backward, nearly "all of the same size, rather smaller behind; body 
large, long, subcylindrical ; scales carinated." 

Pityophis affinis, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Scales much larger upon the sides than upon the back, where they 
are comparatively small ; a series of brownish or black subquadrate blotches upon 
the back; a row of much smaller blotches on each side ; transverse bands of jet 
black upon the tail ; tail short ; abdomen and tail thickly maculated with black ; 
thirty-one rows of carinated scales. Abdom. scuta 221. Sub-caud. 64. 

Description. — The head of this animal is of moderate size, robust, conical 
somewhat rounded above; the rostral plate is triangular, projecting considerably, 
differing remarkably in this respect from the ordinary Colubers and Tropidonotes ; 
its apex passes upward and backward between the anterior frontal plates ; these 
are of moderate size, irregularly quadrilateral ; the nasal plates are two in num- 
ber, with the nostril placed between them ; nostrils lateral, more or less circular, 
wide apart ; there are four posterior frontals in a transverse row, the outer ones 
larger than the two middle ; their inferior extremities pass downward and outward, 
forming part of the sides of the head ; there is a small loral situated between 
the inferior margin of the outer posterior frontal and the second and third 
labial and the posterior nasal and the anterior orbitar plates; on the right side of 
the head, in the specimen examined, is a large and single antorbitar and three 
posterior orbitars — on the left, two anterior and three posterior orbitars ; the 
upper portion of the superior orbitar forms a small part of the superior surface 
of the head ; the supraorbital- plates are rather short, depressed, pentangular, 
and do not project over the eye; the eye is of moderate size; canfchus rostralis 
very moderately grooved; the \ertical plate is pentagonal, broader in front, 
slightly excavated laterally ; the occipital plates are large and distinctly peuta- 
gonal; there are eight superior labials, of which the fourth, sixth, and seventh 
appear to be the largest ; neck somewhat contracted, body long and rather slen- 
der, covered with thirty-one rows of carinated scales ; slender and smaller upon 
the back, larger upon the sides ; tail short. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 131 

Coloration. — Most of the labial plates are bordered posteriorly with black; 
bead covered with numerous small brownish spots, larger upon the occipital and 
vertical plates ; a brownish band between the orbits ; about fifty-three sub-quad- 
rate brownish blotches and bars are observed upon the back ; towards the tail 
they assume rather the form of transverse bars. There is a row of smaller dark- 
colored spots on each side; most of the scales in the intervals between the 
blotches are marked with black, except towards the tail, where the yellowish 
ground color of the animal is more apparent; the chin and throat are straw-color; 
the abdomen is straw-color, thickly maculated with black upon the sides and 
middle ; upper surface of tail banded with deep black ; interspaces yellow ; under 
surface straw-color, with irregular brownish bars and blotches. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 1 inch 2 lines ; greatest breadth, 8 lines ; length 
of body, 2 feet 6 inches; of tail, 5 inches 5 lines; greatest circumference, 2 inches 
2^ lines. Abdom. scuta 221. Sub-caud. 64. 

Another specimen was received of the same species as the above, but which pre- 
sents a remarkable deviation in the form and arrangement of the plates upon the 
head, which is no doubt abnormal. Thus there are seven plates upon the front 
part of the head instead of six, as in Pityophis; these are arranged in three rows 
upon the top of the head — two plates in the front, two in the middle, and three in 
the posterior ; on each side of the middle row is a small quadrangular plate lying 
immediately above the loral, constituting, as it were, a superior loral ; there are 
but one large antorbitar and four posterior orbital* plates on the right side, and 
three on the left; there are nine superior labials. Abdom. scuta 227. Sub- 
caud. 71. 



Genus PSAMMOPHIS, Boie. 

Gen. char. — Head much elongated, sub-oval; snout prominent but 
rounded; loral plate single, long, and large; superior orbitar greatly pro- 
jecting; two posterior orbitar plates; but one anterior; nostrils lateral 
near the snout; eyes very large; body long, slender; tail very long. 

PSAMMOPHIS FLAVl-GULARIS, HallOWell. 

Sp. char. — Head long; superior and inferior marginal outline of cranial portion 
slightly convex; temples depressed; color light-brown or fuscous above; chin, 
throat, abdomen, and under part of tail, yellow; seventeen rows of scales. Abdom. 
scuta 190. Sub-caud. 97. 

Description. — The head of this animal is long and narrow, depressed above ; the 
rostral plate is large and triangular, incurvated below, rounded and projecting in 
front; the anterior frontal are of moderate size, quadrangular — the posterior 
resembling them in form, but much larger, tbeir inferior and external margin 
extending upon the sides of the head and in contact with the superior margin of 
the frenal and the freno-orbitar plates ; the vertical or interorbitar plate is quite 
long, pentagonal, much broader anteriorly than posteriorly, where it termmates in 



132 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

a point; its sides are much excavated; the supra-orbitar are quadrangular, 
broader posteriorly, their internal margin rounded ; the occipital are large and 
pentagonal, in contact anteriorly with the vertical, the supra-orbitar, and the 
superior post-ocular plate; there are two post-oculars, of which the supe- 
rior is much the larger ; the inferior is small and quadrilateral. There are two 
anterior orbitar, the superior of which is much more extended superiorly than 
inferiorly, its superior portion making its appearance upon the upper part of the 
head between the supra-ocular and the posterior frontal plates ; the nostrils are 
lateral, looking upward and backward, situated between two nasal plates ; the 
frenal plate is pentangular, hollowed laterally, its superior margin articulating 
with the inferior and external margin of the anterior and posterior frontal plates ; 
the freno-orbitar is four-sided, its posterior and inferior margins prolonged so as 
to form an acute angle, placed between the third superior labial and the supe- 
rior antocular; the inferior antorbitar is quite small compared with the one 
above it, with an inferior rounded margin. The superior orbitar projects con- 
siderably over the eye, which is quite large \ the canthus rostralis is much hol- 
lowed ; there are nine plates upon the margin of the upper jaw, of which the 
sixth, the seventh, and the eighth are the largest; the two last are more or less 
quadrilateral in shape ; the mental plate is small and triangular, the anterior 
geneials much smaller than the posterior ; the body is long and slender, thicker 
in the middle than at its extremities, the neck being less developed than the cor- 
responding portion of the head ; scales smooth, broad, and quadrangular at the 
sides, near the abdomen — more narrow upon the back; those upon the neck quite 
narrow ; upper part and sides of tail covered with smooth quadrangular scales 
towards its base, distinctly hexagonal posteriorly ; sixteen rows of longitudinal 
scales upon the back and sides of the animal. Abdom. scuta 190. Sub-caud. 97. 
In a larger specimen, abdom. scuta 200, tail mutilated. 

Coloration. — Head brownish above and upon the sides, the superior marginal 
plates and the antocular margined with yellow ; upper part and sides of body and 
tail of a dirty yellow or straw-color ; chin, throat, abdomen, and under part of tail, 
light yellow. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 1 inch 3 lines ; breadth posteriorly, 5 lines ; 
length of body, 2 feet 7 inches 3 lines ; of tail, 10£ inches. 

Habitat. — Cross Timbers, near Creek boundary, and head of Rio Grande, 
Texas. 

Gen. remarks. — The animal above described differs from the Psammophisflagd- 
liformis in being more robust, and in its coloration ; all the specimens brought 
by Dr. Woodhouse being of a light-brown or olive-color above, and of a yellow or 
straw-color beneath. The specimen of flagelliformis in the collection of the 
Academy corresponds with the description of Professor Holbrook, who makes 
the following observations in regard to its color: "The superior surface of the 
head and neck and nearly one-third of the body is raven-black, gradually becom- 
ing paler on approaching the tail, which is of a very light-brown or tawny-color; 
the scales on the tail are rendered conspicuous by their dark margins. The 
inferior surface of the neck and anterior part of the abdomen is bluish slate-color; 
the posterior part white, clouded with brown ; some parts of the abdomen are 



ZTjftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 133 

white and sliming, as well as the inferior surface of the tail. This snake, however, 
varies in color, or rather in shade. Bartram has seen them of a cream-color, 
clay-colored, sometimes almost white, hut always raven-hlack near the head."* 
The Psammophis flagelliformis appears to be rare, Professor Holbrook having 
seen hut one specimen during a seven years' search, and Major Leconte, who re- 
sided a long time in Georgia, informs me that he also had seen but one. The 
present species, according to Dr. Woodhouse, is very abundant where he discov- 
ered it, viz : in the sandy region reaching from the frontiers of Texas to the Creek 
territory, and designated by a strip of timber extending across it. The specimens 
under consideration appear also to differ in the form of the scales, the number of 
rows of which is the same in both. In flagelliformis they are more narrow and 
elongated, resembling the scales of Dendrophis; mflavi-gularis they are broader, 
and many of them distinctly hexagonal. The tail is two and a half inches shorter 
than in flagelliformis, but the body of flagelliformis is eight inches longer. 
Schlegel observes that the serpents belonging to this genus may be considered 
as holding a middle place between the terrestrial serpents and those which inha- 
bit trees. He describes eight species, none of which belong to the United States. 
The present species, however, is known to ascend trees, which they do with great 
agility, reaching their summits with ease when attacked. 

Genus LEPTOPHIS, Bell. 

Gen. char. — Head much elongated, the snout slightly projecting, 
sub-oval, narrow, covered with plates, as in Coluber; loral plate single ; 
one anterior orbitar and two posterior orbitar plates; body long and 
very slender, covered with sub-hexagonal scales. 

Leptophis taeniatus, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Head much flattened, olive-colored, with yellow markings ; ground 
color of body above olive, with two lateral longitudinal yellowish vittee extending 
from the occiput to the tail, each middle scale marked with a longitudinal line of 
black ; two lines of black on each side passing through the middle of the two 
inferior rows of scales from the occiput to a short distance beyond the tail ; 
abdomen immaculate, except towards the neck, where there is a number of 
small black spots. Abdom. scuta 199. Sub-caud. 130. Fourteen rows of longi- 
tudinal smooth scales. 

Description. — The head is very much flattened posteriorly, presenting nine 
plates upon its upper surface; the snout projects slightly beyond the lower jaw; 
the anterior frontal plates are of moderate size, the external and anterior angle 
rounded; the posterior frontal are large and pentagonal; their external and late- 
ral margin is upon the side of the head, between the posterior nasal and anterior 
orbitar plate ; the vertical plate is indistinctly hexagonal, narrow in front, broader 
behind, excavated laterally ; the supra-orbitar are rather long, irregularly quad- 



Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpetol., vol. iv., p. 12. 



134 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

rilateral, rounded above; the occipital are quite large, pentagonal; the nasal are 
two in number, with the nostril placed between them ; there is a loral, quadrila- 
teral, longer in the antero-posterior direction than vertically; there are two ante- 
rior and two posterior orbitars ; the inferior antorbitar is very small, the superior 
quite large, narrow below, much extended above ; a part of it, triangular in shape, 
appears upon the upper part of the head, between the posterior frontal and the 
superior orbitar plate ; immediately behind the inferior post-orbitar and the nar- 
row prolongation of the fifth labial is a small quadrilateral plate ; the rostral plate 
is triangular, rounded in front, excavated below ; there are eight superior labials ; 
the fifth is remarkable for its form, presenting a narrow prolongation, forming 
part of the posterior border of the orbit; the seventh labial is the largest, quad- 
rilateral ; the eye is quite large and projecting ; the body is very long and slender, 
and covered with smooth quadrangular scales ; tail long and very slender towards 
its extremity. 

Coloration. — Head olive above, the plates bordered more or less distinctly and 
entirely with yellow ; anterior and posterior orbitar plates yellow for the most 
part; upper jaw yellow, except along the superior border, where several of the 
plates are marked with olive; chin and throat yellowish, marked with dark- 
colored spots ; ground color of body above, olive ; on each side is a narrow vittse 
of a white or light-yellow color, extending from the occiput to the root of the 
tail, where they become indistinct ; it occupies one row of longitudinal scales and 
the half of each adjoining row; the scales of the intermediate row are marked 
with a line of black in the middle ; the internal half of the lateral adjoining rows 
is white, the external black ; there are two dark-colored black lines on each side, 
extending from the head a short distance beyond the root of the tail; these lines 
pass through the middle of each of the two inferior rows of lateral scales; under 
surface of body and tail light-yellow, pink towards the sides; a considerable 
number of small black spots upon the throat and neck. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 9^ lines ; greatest breadth, 5 lines ; length of 
body, 1 foot 7 inches 5 lines; of tail, 9 inches; circumference, 1 inch 1 line; total 
length, 2 feet 5 inches 2| lines. Abdom. scuta ]99. Sub-caud. 130. 

Habitat. — New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande. 



Genus TROPIDONOTUS, Kuhl. 

Gen. char. — Head oblong-ovate, depressed; two nasal plates; eyes 
moderate, pupil round ; loral plate single ; anterior orbitar single ; scales 
sub-hexagonal, elongated, and strongly carinated. 

Tropidonotus proximus. 

Syn. Col. proximus, Say : Long's Expedition to the Rocky mountains, vol. 1, p. 187. 

Sp. char. — Head long, flattened posteriorly, two white spots upon the occipital 
plates, near the middle of their inner margin; body slender, covered with nine- 
teen rows of carinated scales; three narrow vittse extending from the occiput to 
the extremity of the tail, the middle one of a brick-dust color — intermediate space 
blackish, with numerous white points. Abdom. scuta 170-173. Sub-caud. 82-93. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 135 

Description. — The head is long, flattened posteriorly and upon the middle; 
depressed in front. The rostral plate is broad, much incurvated below, rounded 
above, convex in front, the snout projecting beyond the anterior margin of the 
lower jaw. The anterior frontals have their anterior and external margins 
rounded; their internal and posterior angle rectangular. The posterior frontal 
are larger than the anterior, more or less quadrangular ; their external and infe- 
rior margins, on the side of the head, are in contact with the loral plate. The 
vertical plate is pentangular, broader anteriorly. The supra-ocular are convex, 
long, narrow in front, broader posteriorly. The occipital are large and pentan- 
gular, presenting two oblong white spots near their internal margin, at its middle. 
The nasal are two in number, with the nostril placed between them. There is a 
quadrangular loral plate, and but one antocular, its upper portion quite large, 
behig extended so as to form part of the upper surface of the head, passing in 
between the posterior frontal and the supra-ocular plate. There are three post- 
oculars, the inferior smaller than the others ; and eight superior labials, the sixth 
and seventh the largest. Eyes of moderate size; neck contracted; body long 
and slender, covered with nineteen rows of carinated scales — the scales are long 
and slender, hexagonal, slightly notched posteriorly; the row nearest the abdomen 
the broadest ; tail rather long and tapering. 

Color. — Head blackish above, with the ten white spots already indicated upon 
the inner margin of the occipital plates ; a white spot upon each of the two infe- 
rior of the posterior oculars, and upon the anterior temporal plates ; superior 
labials white, with a bluish tinge; back blackish, with three narrow vittse extending 
from the occiput to the extremity of the tail; the middle one, which is of a brick- 
red color, occupies one row and half of each of the adjoining rows of scales. 
The intermediate spaces, as well as those between the abdomen and the inferior 
vittse, present numerous small white points, which do not, however, exist upon 
the neck and posterior part of the body ; chin and throat yellowish-white ; abdo- 
men light-green, immaculate. Abdom. scuta 170. Sub-caud. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 8£ lines; greatest breadth, 4 lines; length of 
body, 14 inches 8 lines ; length of tail, 5 inches 10 lines ; greatest circumference, 
1 inch 2 lines. 

Habitat. — Verdigris river, a tributary of the Arkansas, Creek boundary ; found 
also in Texas. 

Remarks. — The Lcptophis saurita (Holb.) has seven plates along the margin 
of the upper jaw; the Col. proximus of Say, eight. The proximus differs from 
the former in having two white spots upon the occipital plates, near the middle of 
their inner margin, and also in the presence of two black lines running along the 
margin of the dorsal vittse. The space intervening between the vittse is of a 
brownish color in saurita, but blackish in proximus, with numerous white spots. 
The head of proximus is more flattened, and much broader, than in saurita, and 
the anterior frontal plates are triangular. In saurita these plates are more or 
less quadrilateral ; the snout, therefore, is more rounded in the latter. The 
vertical is more narrow in the middle in proximus than in saurita. In 
proximus, the abdominal scuta in three specimens are 170, 174, and 178, the 
sub-caudal 82 and 93, (slightly mutilated in the latter specimen,) the tail in the 



136 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

third being too much injured for accurate description. In saurita the abdominal 
scuta, according to Professor Holbrook, were 147, 150, 156, 160 ; sub-caud. j 12, 
117, 121, 125. In the specimens belonging to the Academy, abdom. scuta 155, 
J60, 163, 164, 165; sub-caud. 113,122, 127,130. The tail, therefore, as Say 
observes, is proportionately shorter in proximus, which, with the other reasons 
just given, induce me to differ from my friend, Prof. Holbrook, who considers 
them identical. 

Tropidonotus Woodhodsii, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Head long, depressed ; snout acute, rounded in front; eyes pro- 
jecting; neck much contracted; body thicker in the middle; tail of moderate 
length; scales strongly carinated; a series of transverse, rhomboidal, dark- 
colored blotches upon the back, less distinct near the tail ; obsolete upon the 
anterior half of the body, which is of an olive-green color ; interstices between 
the blotches white. Abdom. scuta 150 ; sub-caud. 

Description. — The head is quite large, and much depressed, covered above with 
nine plates ; of these the anterior frontal are pentangular, their posterior and 
external angle being somewhat prolonged. The posterior frontal are much larger, 
and irregularly quadrilateral. The vertical plate is pentagonal, much broader in 
front than posteriorly, its lateral margin being slightly hollowed. The supra- 
orbitar are oblong, pentagonal, broader behind than in front. The occipital are 
very large, pentagonal. The rostral plate is broad and quadrilateral, rounded 
above, excavated below. The nostrils look upward and outward, and are situated 
between the nasal plates. There is one loral plate on each side, which is quadri- 
lateral. There are three posterior oculars, and one anterior ocular plate ; the 
latter is quite large, and excavated anteriorly, so as to receive the posterior 
margin of the loral. There are two large temporal plates on each side of the 
occipital. There are eight labials upon the margin of the upper jaw, on each 
side ; of these the sixth and seventh are the largest. The eyes are large and 
projecting, the supra-orbitar plates extending but slightly over the eyes. The 
mental plate is small and triangular. The anterior and posterior geneials are quite 
long; the posterior somewhat more slender, and longer than the anterior. The 
body is long, much thicker in the middle than at the extremities, covered with 
strongly carinated scales ; the rows upon the sides are much less strongly cari- 
nated than those upon the back ; the row nearest the abdomen is the broadest ; 
there are twenty-three rows of scales. 

Coloration. — Dusky olive upon the upper part of the head and neck, becoming 
darker upon the middle of the body and towards the tail, presenting numerous 
dark-colored transverse bands, most distinct upon the posterior half of the body. 
The bands do not, as in Tropidonotus sepedon, extend as far as the abdomen ; 
they are bordered, anteriorly and posteriorly, with a strip of white. Chin, throat, 
and neck, straw-color. The abdominal scales are bordered anteriorly with black. 
Tail straw-color, with indistinct bands of black along the borders of the scales. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 1£ inch; greatest breadth, 9 lines; length of 
body, 2 feet 2 inches, (Fr. ;) of tail, 5£ inches. Abdom. scuta 150. Sub-caud. 44, 
(tail broken off at extremity. ) 

Habitat. Prairies near the Arkansas river. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 137 

Remarks. The reptile above described resembles the Tropidonotus erythrogas- 
ter in having the same number of rows of scales, there being twenty three in 
each ; and very nearly the same number of abdominal plates, there being 148 in 
erythrogaster and 149 in Woodhousii. The tail in the specimen of the latter 
species having been mutilated, the number of sub-caudal scuta could not be accu- 
rately determined. The coloration, however, of the two animals is very different, 
the white transverse bands upon the back being very conspicuous in Woodhousii, 
but do not exist in erythrogaster. They differ also greatly in size, Woodhousii 
being a much smaller animal. Tropidonotus fasciatus has 140 abdominal plates, and 
42 pair of sub-caudal scales. The body has irregular oblong or triangular purplish 
spots on the flanks, which are insensibly lost about midway between the abdomen 
and vertebral line. In old animals, the whole superior and lateral surface 
becomes of a brownish color; its circumference is five inches. 

Tropidonotus rhombifer, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Head elongated, depressed, slightly swollen at the temples; a 
series of dark-colored rhomboid spots upon the back presenting the form of 
triangles, their apices posteriorly and anteriorly touching each other ; a row of 
dark-colored transverse bars upon the sides uniting with the lateral inferior 
extremities of the rhomboid spots upon the back ; a series of dark-colored bands 
upon the tail ; abdomen and under part of tail more or less maculated ; scuta very 
strongly carinated. Abdom. scuta 142. Sub-caud. 70. Abdom. scuta in another 
and larger specimen, 136. Sub-caud. 

Description. — Head rather long, depressed, covered with plates in front, and 
scales posteriorly ; there are two anterior and two posterior frontals ; the first are 
small and triangular, their apices truncate ; the latter are more or less quadran- 
gular, and larger than the anterior ; the vertical plate is pentagonal, its lateral 
margins excavated ; the supra-ocular are long and narrow, broader behind ; the 
occipital are quite large, more or less triangular in shape ; there are three poste- 
rior ocular plates, and two anterior ; the nasal plates are two in number, having 
the nostril between them ; the rostral plate is large, with a somewhat rounded 
apex ; there are eight superior labials, the seventh the largest and quadrilateral ; 
there are ten inferior labials ; the mental plate is small and triangular, its apex 
pointing backward ; the anterior and posterior geneials are oblong, quadrilateral, 
the posterior longer than the anterior ; the eyes are large ; the neck is slender, 
the body long, covered upon the back and sides with strongly carinated scales ; 
tail of moderate length . 

Coloration. — Body of a greenish-brown color (in spirits) above, presenting 
numerous transverse bands of black along the sides, each uniting with the lateral 
and inferior angle of a dark-colored rhomboid spot upon the back; abdomen and 
under surface of tail straw color, clouded with black. 

Dimensions.— Length of head, 1£ inch, (Fr. ;) greatest breadth posteriorly, 10 
lines; length of body, 2 feet; of tail, 6^ inches ; total length, 2 feet 8 inches. 

Habitat.— Arkansas river and its tributaries, near the northern boundary of the 
Creek nation ; found abundantly on the borders of streams. Dr. Woodhouse 
states that he found one with many young on one of the sand-banks of the Arkan- 
sas river. 



138 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Tropidonotus transversus, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Head large, swollen at the temples, convex above posteriorly, flat- 
tened between the orbits, depressed in front; a series of subquadrate dark-colored 
blotches, thirty-six or thirty-seven in number, along the back ; a transverse row of 
oblong bars along the sides, their upper margins intermediate between the inferior 
margins of the dorsal blotches ; scales strongly carinated. Abdom. scuta 144. 
Sub-caud. 78. 

Description. — Head of moderate size, depressed above, covered with nine plates 
the anterior frontal are smaller than the posterior, somewhat triangular in shape ; 
the posterior are quadrilateral; vertical plate pentagonal, longer than broad; 
occipital large, five-sided ; the supra-orbitar project slightly over the eyes. There 
are one anterior and three posterior orbitars ; there are two nasal plates, having 
the nostril between them, looking outward and upward ; rostral plate rounded in 
front, slightly incurvated below s a loral plate ; eight plates margin the upper jaw, 
the sixth and seventh being the largest ; there are nine plates upon the margin of 
the lower jaw, the fourth, fifth, and sixth the largest ; eyes moderately large ; body 
covered above and upon the sides with strongly carinated scales. 

Coloration. — Head fuscous above, whitish at the snout; upper jaw whitish, the 
posterior margin of the scales bordered with brown ; under jaw white ; upon the 
posterior part of the head, and contiguous portion of neck, a transverse band of 
black extending to the throat, emarginate posteriorly ; another transverse band 
upon the neck, about a line distant, much more irregular in shape, greatly emar- 
ginate behind ; a dorsal row of sub-rhomboidal blotches, extending as far as the 
tail and a little beyond it; the sub-rhomboidal form of the markings is well charac- 
terized upon the anterior and middle parts of the body ; towards the tail they are 
less regular in shape. Thirty of these may be counted upon the body, separated 
from each other by a narrow band of white. Immediately below these spots, and 
alternating with them, for the most part, is a lateral series of transverse bands of 
the same color as those upon the back, separated from each other by bands of a 
grayish-white color, about twice the breadth of the similarly-colored bands upon 
the back ; these bands assume upon the tail the form of spots ; upper part of 
tail, except at base, fuscous ; chin, throat, and neck yellowish-white ; abdomen 
and under part of tail yellowish, clouded with black; twenty -three rows of scales 
upon the back. Abdominal plates, 144. Sub-caud. 78. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 12 lines; greatest breadth, 7; length of body, 1 
foot 5 inches 7 lines ; of tail, 6 inches. 

Habitat.— Creek boundary; found near the banks of the Arkansas and its tribu- 
taries. 

Gen. remarks. — In Tropidonotus taxispilotus the bars upon the back are much 
wider apart than in the above species, and it has but two posterior ocular plates; 
the arrangement of the temporal plates is also different ; the frenal plate is much 
longer. Tropidonotus taxispilotus is remarkable for its great size, being, perhaps, 
larger than any of our known water-serpents ; transversus is a much smaller ani- 
mal. The markings upon the back and sides correspond in some degree with 
Say's description of Col. calligaster, but the scales in calligaster are smooth. 
The latter animal is most probably our well-known Col. eximius. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 139 

Tropidonotus parietalis. 

Syn. Col. parietalis, Say. 

Sp. char. — Head long ; vertex and upper part of occiput depressed ; neck 
slender ; body long, thicker in the middle ; a row of red spots on each side, near 
the abdominal scuta ; three longitudinal vittse upon the body, the central one 
extending to the extremity of the tail ; no regularly disposed sub-quadrate spots 
in the interspaces between the vittse. Abdorn. scuta 160. Sub-caud. 

Description. — Head flattened above, depressed in front ; snout slightly project- 
ing ; there are one large antocular and three small postocular plates ; nostrils 
lateral, looking outward and upward, situated between two nasal plates ; there is 
a quadrangular loral situated between the posterior nasal and the antocular plate ; 
eye somewhat projecting. Eight plates margin the upper jaw on one side, and 
seven on the other, the second and third on the left side, counting from the ros- 
tral, forming but one. The occipital, intraorbital', and frontal plates, present 
nothing remarkable. The mental is small and triangular. The anterior geneials 
are quite small, oblong, quadrilateral ; the posterior quite large, comparatively. 
The body is somewhat slender, slightly contracted at the neck, covered upon the 
back with strongly carinated scales. The rows of scales near the abdomen are 
also carinated, but the carinee are less distinct. Tail of moderate length. 

Coloration. — Head dark-brown, or blackish, above ; body and upper parts of 
tail same color, but less deep than upon the head; two small white spots at the 
inner margin of the occipital plates, nearly midway between their anterior and 
posterior margins ; three white or yellowish bands extending from the head along 
the body and tail — those on the sides of the tail indistinct ; abdomen and tail 
slate-color; chin and lower jaw white; a row of red spots on each side, above 
the lateral vittse. Abdom. scuta 160. Tail mutilated. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 1 inch 3 lines; greatest breadth, 7 lines; length 
of body, 2 feet 3 inches, (Tr. ;) of tail. 

Habitat. — Rio San Pedro, Texas. 



Genus CROTALUS, Linn. 

Gen. char. — Head very large, triangular, rounded in front, and 
covered above with small plates anteriorly, and with scales on the ver- 
tex and occiput ; a deep pit between the eye and nostril ; upper jaw 
armed with a movable fang on each side ; body thick, robust ; tail 
short, thick, and terminating in rattles ; belly and under surface of tail 
covered with plates. 

Crotai.us Lecontei, Hallo well. 

Sp. char.— Head sub-quadrangular, broader behind than in front, much flat" 
tened above : plates in front ; the upper part of the head, except over the orbits* 



140 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

covered with scales ; a series of about thirty sub-quadrate brownish blotches along 
the back, and ten or twelve transverse bands of the same color ; brownish bands 
upon the tail; sub-quadrate blotches along the back, margined with light-yellow; 
ground-color light-yellow, or straw-color; twenty-eight rows of scales, strongly 
carinated ; abdom. scuta 174 ; sub-caud. 27. 

Description. — The head is of moderate size, sub-quadrangular, broader poste- 
riorly, depressed, covered with scales ; small upon the vertex ; larger posteriorly, 
and upon the sides. There are two small plates immediately behind and above 
the rostral. The supra-orbitar. plates are large, rounded externally. The mental 
plate is triangular, its apex presenting backward. The anterior' geneials are quite 
small ; the posterior very large in comparison, in the specimen examined. There 
are sixteen plates along the margin of the upper jaw, and as many along the 
margin of the lower. There is a deep pit on each side of the head, not precisely 
between the eye and the nostril, but immediately below a straight line drawn 
from the inferior margin of the one to the other. Neck slender; body thicker in 
the middle, becoming less so towards the tail; tail short, with seven rattles, in the 
specimen examined ; scales strongly carinated upon the back, less so upon the 
sides ; smooth near the abdominal scuta. 

Coloration. — Thirty-two distinct, transverse, sub-rhomboidal, brownish-colored 
blotches upon the back, the twenty-third and twenty-fourth irregular in shape ; 
the twelve remaining bands coalesce, and become confluent with the spots upon 
the sides, thus, forming a transverse row of bands, extending as far as the abdo- 
men. Several of the quadrate spots above described are slightly emarginate 
anteriorly, but the posterior border is for the most part rounded. Chin, throat, 
and abdomen, straw-color ; under part of tail of the same color, but clouded 
with dark-colored spots or blotches. There are twenty-seven rows of single sub- 
caudal plates, and one bifid next to the anus. Abdominal plates, 174. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 14 lines; greatest breadth, 11 lines; length of 
body, 2 feet 2 inches 9 lines; length of tail, exclusive of rattles, 2 inches 6 lines; 
total length, 2 feet 6 inches 5 lines. 

Habitat. — Cross Timbers, and San Antonio, Texas. 

Remarks. — Dr. Leconte informs me that he found near the Colorado, about 
seven hundred miles from the last-mentioned locality, a species of Crotalus, 
which Avas very abundant in that region, over four feet in length, and which 
appears to be the same as the one above described. He took the following notes 
of it upon the spot : "Crotalus cinereous: back with a series of sub-rhomboidal 
spots, margined with dark-brown, and exterior to this a line of white scales ; 
sides with a few darker cinereous spots ; beneath, pale ochraceous ; neck and 
under part of head white ; tail white, with four black rings, becoming irregular 
beneath; length, 4£ feet; greatest circumference, 5£ inches; 185 transverse 
scales beneath on the body— 28 sub-caudal ; fourteen scales in the oblique rows 
from spine to side in middle, and on neck nine posteriorly, and on tail. Colorado, 
March, 1851 ; the dorsal spots become indistinct behind. Sandy deserts." 

In a very young specimen brought by Dr. Woodhouse from San Antonio, Texas, 
these four black rings are quite distinct. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 141 

Remarks. — The animal above described differs from the confluentus of Say, 
in the absence of the confluent anterior vertebral spots, " the ten or twelve 
*nterior ones crowded, confluent ;" these spots in the specimen before me being 
distinct. Neither is each spot widely emarginate before and behind, as he repre- 
sents it to be in confluentus. He describes upwards of forty sub-quadrate spots 
upon the back ; in our specimen there are about thirty. The number of plates 
upon the tail corresponds very nearly, there being twenty-seven in confluentus; 
but there are twenty-three more abdominal plates in that species than in Lecontei. 
Confluentus is found " chiefly in the vicinity of the Rocky mountains."* 



* Account of an expedition from Pittsburg to tbe Rocky mountains, under the command of 
Major Stephen H. Long, vol. ii, p. 48. 



142 REPORT OP AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



Order BATRACHIA. 

Genus BUFO, Laurenti. 

Gen. char. — Head large ; mouth extensive ; tongue elongated, 
elliptical, entire, generally a little larger behind — free posteriorly ; jaws 
and palate without teeth ; eyes large — pupil elliptical, longitudinally 
dilatable ; tympanum more or less distinct ; parotid glands more or 
less developed ; males mostly with a sub-gular vocal vesicle ; four 
fingers, sub-round, free ; five toes, of same form, more or less palmate — 
the last shorter than the penultimate ; metatarsal region with two 
tubercles below — the one at the root of the great-toe largest. 

Bufo dorsalis, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Head short and thick; mouth quite large; a slightly elevated ridge 
extending from the nostrils to the posterior part of the head, uniting with a trans- 
verse one behind the eye ; sides and posterior part of the body covered with 
small warts ; extremities covered with small warts and granulations ; above dark- 
brown, with numerous irregular lines of yellow ; a vertical line of yellow, contin- 
uous with one less distinct upon the head ; transverse blotches of black upon the 
thighs and forearms ; under surface ochraceous. 

Description. — The head is short and thick, broad posteriorly ; the mouth quite 
large; the upper jaw emarginate. There is a ridge running from near the nostril 
to the posterior part of the head, on each side, where it meets with another, 
passing transversely behind the eye ; this ridge is very slightly elevated. That 
part of the upper surface of the head immediately above the eye is covered with 
numerous warts ; the front and middle parts are smooth. The tympanum is of 
moderate size. The parotids, commencing a short distance above them, are sep- 
arated from the posterior margin of the orbit by the transverse ridge above 
described ; they are about seven lines in length ; the interval between them pre- 
sents numerous very large warts ; they are not observed upon the middle of the 
upper part of the body; those upon the sides and posterior parts are quite small. 
Anterior extremities short and stout, covered above with small warts and granu- 
lations. Posterior large, stout, and thick, covered with larger warts than upon 
the anterior extremities, but not so large as those upon the anterior part of the 
upper surface of the body. A spade-like process at the root of the first toe. 
Under surface of chin, throat, and abdomen, and under part of thighs, minutely 
granulated ; under surface of thighs smooth. 

Coloration. — Above dark-brown, with numerous irregular lines of yellow ; a 
vertical line of yellow, continuous with one which is less distinct, upon the head ; 
transverse blotches of black upon the thighs and forearms ; under surface ochra- 
ceous. 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 143 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 8 lines ; greatest breadth, 9 lines ; length of 
head and body, 3 inches; length of anterior extremities, 2 inches 2£ lines; of 
posterior, 3 inches 3 lines. 

Remarks. — This animal differs widely from the Bufo cognatus and Americanus, 
but resembles the lentiginosis, which, Professor Holbrook observes, is found, 
without doubt, all along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. It is distinguished 
from it, however, by the elevation of the ridges above the head, which in lentigi- 
nosus are highly developed, giving to the upper part of the head a canaliculated 
appearance — a condition that does not exist in this species. 

Bufo punctatus, Baird and Girard. 

Sp. char. — Head broad and flattened, covered above with small warts ; a slight 
ridge extending from the nostrils on each side as far as the orbits, terminating in 
a transverse prolongation ; parotids of moderate size, triangular ; body slender, 
covered above with minute orange-colored warts, of a bright vermillion during 
life : extremities slender, covered with warts of a similar color ; total length, 
1 inch 9 lines. 

Description. — The head is broad and much flattened above, covered with small 
warts ; the nostrils are small, oval, looking outward and upward, and placed 
within the supraciliary ridge ; they are about a line and three quarters apart ; 
there is a slight ridge extending from the nostrils on each side as far as the or- 
bits, and terminating there in a transverse prolongation ; the supraciliary ridges 
project but slightly over the eye; the tympanum is small and oval, slightly be- 
neath the surface, presenting a ridge of small warts in front; eyes of moderate 
size; no palatine or maxillary teeth ; parotids of moderate dimensions, somewhat 
triangular in shape, covered with very small warts ; body rather slender, covered 
above with minute orange-colored warts of a bright vermillion during life ; ex- 
tremities slencler, covered with warts of a similar color. 

Coloration. — Head brownish olive above — rest of the animal a dark drab color; 
throat, abdomen, and under surface of extremities, straw color. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 6 lines ; greatest breadth, 7£ lines ; length of 
body, 1 inch 3 lines; of anterior extremities, 11 lines; of posterior, 1 inch 11 
lines. 

Habitat. — Borders of Rio San Pedro, Texas. 



Genus AMBYSTOMA, Tschudi. 

Gen. char. — Head largo, convex ; no parotids ; tongue of moderate 
size; numerous palatine teeth in an uninterrupted transverse series; 
fingers free ; tail oblong, round. (Tschudi.) 

Ambystoma nebulosum, Hallowell. 

Sp. char. — Head as broad as long, rounded in front; palatine teeth in the form 
of a triangle; the apex directed forward; body brown, with numerous yellow 
spots ; tail longer than neck and body. Total length, 5 inches 9 lines. 



144 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Description. — The head is large, depressed above, about as broad as it is long ; 
snout rounded; nostrils small, about 3 lines apart; eyes large and prominent; 
mouth very large, ; tongue broad and flattened, free at its edges, attached at its 
anterior border ; palatine teech \ shaped, the angle presenting forward, the ex- 
tremities of the row being placed a short distance behind the internal nares ; 
neck contracted ; posterior extremities stouter than the anterior ; body sub-cy- 
lindrical, flattened inferiorly ; tail longer than the head and body, much com- 
pressed, the posterior half especially — quite thin and rounded at its extremity. 

Color. — Head brownish above, with numerous indistinct yellowish spots pos- 
teriorly ; body blackish, presenting many yellowish spots upon the surface, the 
largest about a line in diameter ; extremities blackish, mingled with yellow ; tail 
of same dark hue, with numerous yellow spots and markiDgs ; chin, throat, and 
abdomen, yellowish. 

Dimensions. — Length of head, 8 lines ; greatest breadth 8 lines ; length of 
neck and body, 2 inches 2 lines ; of tail, 2 inches 9 lines ; of anterior extremi- 
ties, 1 inch 3 lines ; of posterior, the same. Total length, 5 inches 9 lines. 

Habitat. — San Francisco mountain, New Mexico. Very abundant. 

Another specimen from the same locality is more uniformly blackish upon the 
upper surface, the yellowish spots being absent ; the chin, throat, and abdomen, 
are also more distinctly marbled with black and yellow. 

Remarks. — The above species differs from the Proserpine of Baird and Girard 
in the shape of the head, and in the coloring ; and from the mavortia of Baird 
in the same particulars. The mavortia, according to Professor Baird, has about 
nine transverse bands of yellow on the sides of the body, confluent to a certain 
extent with that on the belly. He describes similar markings upon the tail, 
forming nearly complete ellipses, about 12 in number. The mavortia is 8 inches 
in length. This animal will probably form a new genus. In the compressed 
form of its tail it resembles Xiphonura, Tsch. ; but in that genus, as well as in 
Ambystoma, the teeth are represented as transverse. 

List of reptiles brought by Dr. Woodlwuse from the Creek Territory, Western Texas, 
and New Mexico. 

SAURIA. 

Specimens. 

Sceloporus spinosus, Weigmann. — From San Antonio, Texas 1 

Sceloporus Thayerii, Baird and Girard. — From San Antonio, Texas 1 

Sceloporus scalaris, Weigmann . — From San Antonio, Texas 1 

Sceloporus undulatus, Bosc— Red fork of the Arkansas, Creek boundary.. 1 

" " Bosc. — New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande 1 

Sceloporus marmoratus, Hallowell. — San Antonio 1 

Sceloporus delicatissimus, Hallowell. — San Antonio ---- 1 

Crotaphytus collaris* Holbrook. — Creek boundary 3 

* The specimens of Crotaphytus differ considerably in their coloration, in some 
the ground color being sky-blue, in others light brown, and in others, probably 
older specimens, dark green ; the spots upon the back also vary much A a size ; in 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 145 

Crotaphytus collaris, Holbrook. — Western Texas, or country included 
between San Antonio and Rio Grande 4 

Crotaphytus fasciatus, Hallowell. — Jornada del Muerte, New Mexico 2 

Crotaphytus fVizlizenii, Baird and Girard. — New Mexico, west of Rio 
Grande 1 

Phrynosoma orbiculare, Weigmann. — New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande ; 

nearly all found iu the Zuui mountain 9 

Anatomy. — Liver quite large, occupying a considerable portion of the upper 
and left side of the abdomen; intestine coiled up in the right; lungs of equal 
length, presenting nothing remarkable ; the long and slender prolongation of the 
right lobe of the liver exists as in Phrynosoma ; liver divided into several lobes ; 
gall-bladder very distinct ; stomach 1 inch and f line in length ; intestine 4 inches. 
The stomach contained several grasshoppers and a small calcareous concre- 
tion ; the fatty appendages observed in the lower part of the abdomen in 
Phryn. cornutum, and orbiculare, exist also in this animal ; testes 4 lines long 
by 3 in breadth, of a white color ; kidneys slender, ahout \ inch in length. 
Phrynosoma cornutum, Harlan. — Western Texas, Rio Grande, below El 

Paso 1 

Phrynosoma cornutum — Creek and Cherokee countries, where it is very 

abundant .-.- 5 

Phrynosoma coronation, Blainville. — G reat Deserts of the Colorado 2 

Phrynosoma planiceps, Hallowell. — Western Texas and New Mexico 3 

Phrynosoma modestum, Girard. — Western Texas, very abundant about the 

burrows of the spcrmophilus, or prairie dog, adult 4 

Anota JSrCaUii, Hallowell. — Great Desert of the Colorado, between Valle- 

cita and Camp Yuma, 160 miles east of San Diego 1 

Cnemidophorus sexllncatus, Dumeril and Bibron. — Creek boundary 1 

Cnemidophorus gularis, Baird and Girard. — San Antonio, Texas, and Santa 

Fe, New Mexico 3 

Plestiodon anthracinus, Baird. — Timber of the Arkansas river 1 

Plestiodon quinquelineatum, Dumeril and Bibron. — Creek boundary 1 

Plestiodon obsolctum, Baird and Girard. — Rio San Pedro, Texas 1 

Lygosoma lateralis, Linnaeus. — Creek boundary 1 

Ophisaurus ventralis, Linnaeus. — Creek and Cherokee country, prairies ; 

abundant 1 

Elgaria viarginata, Hallowell. — New Mexico, West of Rio Grande 1 

Lamprosaurus guttulatus, Hallowell. — New Mexico, borders of Rio Grande, 

above El Paso ; rare 1 



some of the specimens they are quite small, in others they are nearly a line in 
diameter. The liver iu one of these presented numerous white points, dissemi- 
nated over its upper and under surface, which, on examination by Dr. Leidy, were 
found to be distoma sacks, each containing several distomata. In one of the speci- 
mens a calculous concretion was observed in the cloaca, half an inch iu length by 
3^ lines in breadth. This species is very abundant in the Creek boundary, among 
rocks on the borders of streams, and also in die valley of the Rio Grande tun- 
ning in thfe. barrens, among bushes. 
10 



146 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Holbrookia texana, Baird and Girard. — Western Texas 2 

Holbrookia affinis, Baird and Girard. — Western Texas 1 

Holbrookia maculata* Baird and Girard. — Creek boundary; very abundant 

in that region 3 

Holbrookia maculata, Baird and Girard. — Western Texas, barrens, and 

among towns of Spermophilus ludovicianus, or prairie dog 14 

Holbrookia maculata, Baird and Girard. — New Mexico, west of the Eio 

Grande 5 

OPHIDIA. 

Innocuous Serpents. 

Coluber alleghaniensis, Holbrook. — Creek boundary 1 

Psammophis flavigularis, Hallowell. — Cross Timbers; very abundaut 2 

" " Hallowell. — New Mexico 2 

Pityophis affinis, Hallowell. — Near Zuiii river, New Mexico 2 

Leptophis cestiza, Linnaeus. — San Antonio, Texas ; abundant in the Creek 

country 1 

Leptophis tccniata, Hallowell. — New Mexico, west of Rio Grande 1 

Tropidonotus proximus, Say. — Creek country 1 

Tropidonotus Woodhousii, Hallowell. — Creek boundary 1 

Tropidonotus ordinatus, Linnaeus. — Western Texas 4 

" " Linnaeus. — New Mexico, west of Rio Grande 5 

Tropidonotus rhombifer, Hallowell Creek country 2 



* Anatomy. — On opening the abdomen, the ova presented themselves about 
the size of peas, the greater number being situated on its right side ; the liver, of 
moderate size, extends across the upper portion of the abdominal cavity, lying 
in front of the ovaries and in contact with the stomach, which is quite large, 
being distended with food ; it lies in the left side of the abdominal cavity, im- 
mediately abo?e the liver, and in contact posteriorly with the ovary; the intes- 
tines occupy the middle portion of this cavity, being imbedded among the ova ; 
the heart is small, and presents nothing remarkable, the lungs are of equal size, 
about 6 lines in length, and lie in the posterior part of the cavity common to the 
thorax and abdomen, and are in contact with the ribs and spine posteriorly and 
the stomach in front ; the liver is remarkable for the great extension of its right 
lobe, which is quite slender, and reaches nearly as far as the posterior extremity 
of the abdominal cavity ; the stomach measures 1 1 lines in length by about 3 ill 
breadth ; it contains the remains of several grasshoppers and of a coleopterous 
insect; the intestines are about 2 inches 4 lines in extent, aud much contracted 
at intervals ; about 7 lines from the inferior extremity of the intestine is a con- 
traction more marked than the rest, resembling a natural division into small and 
large intestine ; seven ova were counted in the ovary ; a small reddish calculous 
concretion was observed at the entrance of the cloaca; the kidneys are two 
email bodies, about 3 lines in length by 2 in breadth ; they appear to consist of 
a congeries of granules of nearly equal size, but differing somewhat in shape. 
In another specimen, a male, the stomach was found to contain the remains of 
various insects, (two asili, the pupa of an hymenopterous insect, and several 
ants ;) the testes were about 6 Hues in length, beautifully convoluted, the epididy- 
mis distended with spermatic fluid 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 147 

Tropidonotus transversus, Hallowell. — Creek country 2 

Heterodon platyrhynos, Latreille. - Near Eio San Pedro, Texas— a re- 
markably fine specimen - 1 

Heterodon nasicus, Baird and Girard. — San Antonio, Texas, and Santa Fe, 

New Mexico, one from each locality 2 

Coronella Sayii, Schlegel — Creek boundary, north fork of the Arkansas.. 1 

Calamaria elapsoidea, Holbrook. — Creek boundary 1 

Venomous Serpents. 

Crotalus Lccontei, Hallowell. — One from Cross Timbers, the other from 
San Antonio, Texas; abundant; found also by Dr. Leconte at the mouth 

of the Gila, California 2 

Crotalophorus tergeminus, Say. — Neosho river, Creek country 1 

Crotalophorus miliarius. Linnseus. — Creek country - 1 

Trigonocephalies contortrix, Linnseus. — Creek country ; abundant 1 

Trigonocephalies atrofuscus, Troost. — Creek boundary ; very abundant about 
all the creeks and tributaries of the Arkansas 1 



Bx 



TRAOH1A. 



Rana areolata, (young) Baird and Girard. — San Francisco mountain, New 

Mexico 1 

Bufo punctatus, Baird and Girard. — Eio San Pedro, Texas 1 

Bufo dorsalls, Hallowell. — San Francisco mountain, New Mexico 1 

Amby stoma ncbulosum, Hallowell. — San Francisco mountain; very abund- 
ant in the woods 1 



117 

including those brought by Col. M'Call, and one by Dr. J. F. Hammond. 

Note. — The route pursued by Dr. Woodhouse was from San Antonio, Texas, 
passing over the road laid out by Brevet Lieutenant Colonel J. E. Johnson, 
Topographical Engineers, 1849, between San Antonio and El Paso, from El Paso< 
following the Rio Grande to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The western route, west 
of the Rio Grande, was from Albuquerque to the pueblo of Zuiii. For rest of 
route see map of Brevet Captain Sitgreaves' report. 



14S REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



FISHES. 

BY SPENCER F. BAIRD AND CHARLES GIRARD. 



Genus GILA, B. and G. 



Gen. char. — Body subfusiform, compressed ; back more or less 
arched, especially in large specimens, sometimes tapering very much, 
posteriorly, with the peduncle of the tail rather slender ; head depressed, 
proportionally small ; upper outline concave ; snout elongated ; eyes 
circular or elliptical ; mouth of medium size ; upper jaw generally over- 
lapping the lower, so as to conceal its cleft from above ; no barbels, nor 
rudiments of barbels, at the angle of the mouth; pharyngeal teeth 
oblique, compressed, disposed on two rows, with their tip slightly 
hooked ; branchial arches, four ; scales varying in size according to the 
regions ; small and not imbricated on the back, larger on the flanks, and 
of medium size on the belly and tail ; lateral line well defined, forming 
an open curve on the abdomen, and straight on the tail ; caudal fin 
forked or crescentic. 

Sin.— Gila, B. and G., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Phila., VI, 1853, 368. 

1. Gila robusta, B. and G. Fishes, PI. I. 

Spec. char. — Body very stout anteriorly, tapering suddenly to the tail; eyes 
near the upper margin of the head ; scales sub-elliptical. 

Syn.— Gila robusta, B. and G., Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL, Phila., VI, 1853, 369. 

General shape of the body subfusiform, very much swollen anteriorly, and 
tapering very suddenly from the dorsal fin towards the base of the caudal. The 
body itself is compressed ; its greatest depth, in the middle of the distance between 
the occiput and the anterior margin of the dorsal fin, is three inches and a 
quarter; whilst its least depth, on the middle of the peduncle of the tail, is a little 
less than an inch. The greatest thickness at the origin of the body is.one inch 
and three-quarters, and on the middle of the peduncle of the tail, half an inch. 

The head is very much depressed above, and slopes rapidly from the nape to 
the snout. It constitutes one-fourth of the total length, measured from the snout 
to the posterior margin of the operculum. The upper part of the head is con- 
tained six times in the length. The eyes are proportionally small, subcircular, 
elongated longitudinally into an elliptical shape. Their diameter enters about 
eight times in the length of the side of the head, and three times from the tip of 



ZUftl AtfD COLORADO RIVERS. 149 

the snout to the pupil. The nostrils, very broadly open, are situated near to the 
upper part of the head, and much nearer the orbit than the end of the snout. 
The mouth is tolerably large, and the jaws are surrounded by quite conspicuous 
lips, but deprived of barbels of any kind. The posterior extremity of the 
maxillary does not reach a vertical line from the pupil, though extending beyond 
the anterior rim of the orbit. The upper jaw overlaps the lower one as seen in 
figures 2 and 3. The branchiostegal rays are six in number, three on either 
side, very broadly flattened and closely combined. The gill openings are quite 
large, being only separated beneath by an isthmus of six-eighths of an inch. Mu- 
cous pores on the head are not conspicuous ; a series, however, more apparent 
than the rest, may be traced from the occiput to the snout, passing under the eye. 

The dorsal fin, situated exactly on the middle of the back, is a little higher 
than long, and slightly concave on its upper margin; it is composed of nine soft 
rays, and a rudimentary spine. The posterior ray is the shortest, and half the 
height of the anterior soft, or the highest one. All, but the latter, bifurcate three 
times, though the branches of the third bifurcation remain in close contiguity. 
The caudal fin is posteriorly emarginated in the shape of a crescent, the upper 
and lower lobe being symmetrical; it is composed of nineteen, sometimes only 
eighteen, well developed rays, and fifteen rudiments, eight of them above and seven 
below. The sixteen medial ones are bifurcated three times in the same manner 
as in the dorsal fin. The anal, situated back of the dorsal, has pretty much the 
same shape with it, being higher than long, and slightly concave exteriorly, 
but it is proportionally lower posteriorly, the anterior soft ray having almost 
three times the height of the posterior. The rays of which it is composed are 
bifurcated like those of the dorsal, the anterior soft one, however, remaining un- 
divided. The ventrals, uniformly rounded posteriorly, are inserted in advance of 
the anterior margin of the dorsal, and when bent backwards they do not reach 
the anus, in the female ; they are, however, longer in the male. They are com- 
posed of nine rays, all soft, but the anterior one is undivided and shorter than 
the second; the last and shortest is likewise undivided; the intermediate ones 
are bifurcated as in the anal, caudal, and dorsal. The pectorals are very broad 
exteriorly, composed of fifteen or seventeen soft, and three times bifurcated, rays, 
the three last ones very slender and small. Their posterior extremity, when 
brought backwards, does not reach the insertion of the ventrals in the female ; 
whilst in the male they extend beyond. Formula of the fins: 

Br. 3. 3; D I. 9; C 8. 1. 8. 8. I. 7; A I. 9; V I. 9; P 15. 

The scales are quite diversified, and of different sizes on the different regions 
of the body. They are very small on the dorsal region, between the occiput and 
dorsal fin ; they increase somewhat in size between the dorsal and caudal fins, 
and become almost uniform on the tail. Those on the flanks are the largest and 
most conspicuous, whilst their size is again reduced on the belly, from the throat 
to the anal fin. The lateral line is very distinct, makiug a slight inflexiou on the 
flanks, running through the middle region of the tail to the caudal fin. 

The color is uniform grayish brown above, yellowish beneath. The fins assume 
the tints of the region of the body to which they belong. 



150 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Several specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Woodhouse in the 
Zuni river. 

Fig. 1 represents the fish reduced one-half the natural size. 

Fig. 2, head viewed from above, showing the situation of the eyes and nostrils. 

Fig. 3, head from below, showing the shape of the mouth and branchiostegal 
apparatus. 

Fig. 4, enlarged scale from the lateral line. 

Fig. 5, enlarged scale from the middle of the back. 
• Fig. 6, enlarged scale from the belly. 

Figs. 4, 5, and 6, are magnified under the same diameter, thus preserving the 
exact proportion of the different scales. 

2. Gila elegans, B. and G. Fishes, PI. II. 

Spec. char. — Body very slender; tail very much attenuated; fins very much 
developed ; scales sub-elliptical, narrowing slightly posteriorly. 

SYx.—Gila elegans, B.and G., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Phila., VI., 1853, 369. 

The present species is very closely allied to the preceding one, which it resem- 
bles in the general configuration of the head, body, and fins. Its most striking 
peculiarity consists in its more elongated and more slender body, and especially 
in its more slender tail and more developed caudal, which is likewise more deeply 
emarginated. Indeed, all the fins are proportionally more developed. The 
specimen before us is nearly 12 inches long, the head forming the fifth of that 
length. The greatest depth of the body, in advance of the dorsal, enters seven 
times in the total length. The greatest thickness is about the half of the depth. 

The head is very much depressed and flattened on the snout The eyes are 
elliptical; their diameter entering seven times in the length of the side of the 
head, and twice in the distance between the end of the snout and the anterior 
rim of the orbit. The nostrils are situated entirely on the upper surface of the 
snout, nearer to the eye than to the extremity of the latter. The mouth is in- 
ferior, the upper jaw overlapping the lower ; the posterior extremity of the max- 
illary extending to a vertical line, passing in advance of the orbit — that is, not 
quite as far back as in the preceding species. The isthmus is very small, meas- 
uring only three-sixteenths of an inch. 

The soft rays in all the fins have the same general structure as in the preceding 
species ; in the dorsal and anal they are preceded by three rudimentary spines 
instead of one. The number of the rays is somewhat different, as shown in the 
following formula: 

Br. 3. 3; D III. 9 ; C 9. 1. 9. 9. I. 10; A III. 10; V9; P 16. 
The scales differ from those of the preceding species in being more elongated, 
sub-elliptical, anteriorly broader than posteriorly. The lateral line is similar in 
both species. 

The color is uniform reddish brown above, silvery yellow beneath ; the fins 
are dull yellow. 
One specimen was collected by Dr. Woodhouse in the Zuni river. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 151 

Fig. 1 represents this species in profile one-half its natural size. 
Fig. 2, the head from above ; the eyes are hut slightly visible. 
Fig. 3, the head from below, showing part of the eyes, mouth, and branchios- 
tegal apparatus. 

Fig. 4, enlarged scale from the lateral line. 

Fig. 5, enlarged scale from the back. 

Fig. 6, enlarged scale from the belly. 

Figs. 4, 5, and 6, under the same magnifying power. 

Gila gracilis, B. and G. Fishes, PI, III. 

Spec. char. — Body nearly fusiform ; head nearly conical ; scales sub-circular; 
eyes proportionally large. 

Syn.— Gila gracilis, B. and G„ Proc. Acad. Nat. So., Phila., VI, 1853, 369. 

General shape sub-fusiform ; body compressed. Total length, four and a quar- 
ter inches. Greatest depth immediately in advance of the dorsal fin, one inch, 
contained nearly five times and a half in the length. The greatest thickness 
at the origin of the body is five-eighths of an inch : its relation to the depth is as 
5 to 8, and is comprised eight times and a half in the length. 

The head is sub-quadrangularly conical, very slightly depressed above ; meas- 
ured from snout to posterior margin of preoperculum, it forms one-fourth of the 
total length, and from snout to nape it enters in it almost six times. The eyes 
are proportionally large and sub-circular; their longitudinal diameter being con- 
tained four times in the length of the side of the head, from the snout to the 
posterior margin of the preoperculum. The nostrils, situated towards the upper 
surface of the head, are much nearer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout. 
Upper jaw overlaps the tip of the lower one ; the posterior extremity of the max- 
illary extends slightly beyond a perpendicular line, which would pass in advance 
of the orbit. Branchiostegal rays three, very much flattened and closely com- 
bined in their membrane. The gill openings are proportionally large, separated 
underneath by an isthmus of three-sixteenths of an inch. Series of mucous 
pores may be traced from the origin of the lateral line across the nape, hence 
to the nostrils along the parietal region ; also downwards along the preoperculum 
to the angle of the mouth, and under the orbit towards the snout. 

The dorsal fin, a little higher than long, is situated exactly on the middle of 
the back ; its upper margin is slightly concave. It is composed of eight soft and 
bifurcated rays (the last one being double from its base), and of three spiny 
ones, the first of which very short and rudimentary — the two others, extending be- 
yond the middle of the anterior, soft. The eight soft rays are bifurcated from 
the middle, and again from the two-thirds of their length ; the last is to the 
longest as 2 is to 5. The caudal fin is posteriorly deeply emarginated, the upper 
and lower lobes equal, the rays being likewise twice bifurcated on their length. 
It Is composed of twenty-three rays and fifteen rudiments, eight of them above 
and seven below. The anal resembles the dorsal in shape and proportions, being 
slightly convex exteriorly and higher than long. It is likewise composed of eight 
soft, twice bifurcated rays, and three anterior spines. Its anterior basal margin 



62 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNl, ETC. 

is situated a little backwards of the posterior margin of the dorsal. The ven- 
trals are sub-oval, composed of a rudimentary spine and eight soft rays, the bifur- 
cation of seven of which affects the last third of their length. The base of inser- 
tion of these fins is somewhat in advance of the dorsal, and when bent backwards 
their tip reaches the anus, and occasionally the anterior margin of the anal. 
The pectorals are sub-triangular, tapering posteriorly ; their insertion is close to 
the head, more inferiorly than superiorly : their extremity does not reach the an- 
terior margin of the ventrals, and consequently not that of the dorsal. They 
are composed of fifteen soft rays, which bifurcate beyond the two-thirds of their 
length. The formula of the fins is as follows: 

Br. 3. 3; D III. 8; C 8. 1. 10. 11. 1. 7; A III. 8; V I. 8 ; P 16. 

The anus is situated close to the anal fin, and nearer to the extremity of the 
caudal than to the end of the snout. The scales, in general, are rather small, 
thin, and sub-circular. The smallest ones occur between the dorsal fin and the 
occiput, and especially on the latter region. From the middle of the flanks they 
increase in size downwards, with a slight imbrication, till near the abdomen, 
when they diminish on to the belly, where they again lose their imbrication. 
The lateral line makes a gently concave curve on the abdomen, passing through 
the region of the largest scales of the body, being very conspicuous from the 
head to the tail. 

The color is uniformly yellowish-brown on the head and along the dorsal re- 
gion, covered with the smallest scales. The sides and belly are shining silvery 
white. The fins yellowish; the anal, ventrals, and pectorals, lighter than the 
caudal and dorsal. 

Several specimens of this species • were collected by Dr. Woodhouse in the 
Zuni river. 

Fig. 1 represents the specimen described,, of natural size. 

Fig. 2 is a view of the head from above, in order to exhibit its shape, the 
structure and situation of the nostrils, and their relation to the eyes. 

Fig. 3 exhibits the head from below, showing the shape of the mouth and bran- 
chiostegal apparatus. 

Fig. 4, enlarged scale from the lateral line. 

Fig. 5, enlarged scale from the back. 

Fig. 6, enlarged scale from the bell". 

Figs. 4, 5, and 6, seen under the same magnifying power. 



BOTANY. 



BOTANY, BY PROFESSOR JOHN TORREY. 



REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI, ETC. 155 



BOTANY.' 

BY PROFESSOR JOHN TORREY. 



RANUNCULACE.E. 

Clematis ligusticafolia, Nutt., in Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 9 ; Gray PI. Fendl., 
p. 3. San Francisco mountain ; October. 

Delphinium azureum, Michx. ; Torr. and Gray, L c. Zuni mountain; August; 
and Laguna Encinatio; October. 

Thalictrum Fendleri, Engelm., iu PI. Fendl., p. 5; Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 7. 
Rio Zuni; August, (fern, plant;) Bill Williams's river , October. A very distinct 
species. 



BERBERIDACEtE. 

Berberis pinnata, Lagasca, Eleuch., p. 6; Torr. in Emory's report, p. 136. B. 
fascicularis, D. C. Syst. 2, p. 19. 

Southern border of New Mexico ; in fruit, October. Our specimens have much 
smaller leaves than are represented in Delessert's figure, (Icon. 2, t. 3,) and the 
leaflets are not more than three pairs. The same plant was collected by Fre- 
mont in northern California, and by Emory on the highlands bordering the Gila. 



CRUCIFERJE. 

Turritis patula, Graham ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 79 ; Gray, Pl.Wright. 2, p. 10. 
San Francisco mountain; October, (fruit.) Dr. Gray states (1. c.) that Strep- 
tanthus virgatus Nutt. is not distinct from this species. 

Vesicaria stcnophylla, Gray, PI. Lindh., 2, p. 149, (adult.) Rio Zuni; Septem- 
ber. 

Streptanthus linearifolius, Gray, PI. Fendl., p. 7; Pl.Wright. 1, p. 7; PI. 
Wright. 2, p. 10. Zuni mountain ; August. The root is perennial. The flowers 
are quite showy. 

Thelypodium Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright. 1, p. 7, and 2, p. 12. Acoma ; August. 

Dithyrea Wtslizeni, Engelm., in Wislizen. Mem. N. Mex., p. 96; Gray, PI. 
Wright. 1, p. 10. Rio Zuni; September. 



156 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

Stanleya intcgrifolia, James, in Long's first exped., 2, p. 17; Torr., in Am. 
Lye, N. York, 2, p. 166 ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 97. 

On the Zuni and Little Colorado rivers; September, October. It is possible 
that both this species and S- heterophylla, Linn., are only states of S. pinnatifida, 
Nutt. 

CAPPARIDACE.E. 

Cleome integrifolia, Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 122; Gray, Gen. 111., t. 76. In- 
scription Rock, New Mexico; August. 



PORTULACACE^. 

Portulaca oleracea, Linn. ; Engelm., in Gray Plant. Lindheim. 2, p. 154, (in 
adnot.) Rio Zuni ; September. 

Talinum brevifolium, (n. sp.;) radice crasso; caule erecto patulo folioso; fo- 
liis augusto-spathulatis carnosis obtusis ; floribus axillaribus terminalibusque 
solitariis; pedunculis brevissimis; sepalis ovatis obtusis; petalis obovatis; sta- 
minibus sub-20 ; seminibus lsevibus. 

On the Little Colorado ; September. Root very thick, and somewhat branch- 
ing; stem 2-5 inches high, with numerous simple spreading branches; leaves 
6-8 lines long, 5^-2 lines wide, crowded ; flowers, few toward the summit of the 
branches, about as large as in S. teretifolium ; the peduncles erect in fruit ; sepals 
broadly ovate, veined; style about as long as the ovary, three-cleft at the summit ; 
seeds quite even, scarcely shining. 

MALVACEAE. 

Sidulcea malvceflora, Gray, PI. Wright. 1, p. 16. S. Neo-Mezicana, Gray, PI. 
Fendl., p. 23. Sida malvoiflora, M09. and Sesse. Laguna Creek, to the western 
borders of New Mexico ; August, October. 

Sphceralcea incana, var. oblongifolia, Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 21. Inscription 
Rock ; August. 

LINACEiE. 

Linum perenne, Linn.; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 204. Zuni mountains; 
August. 

GERANIACE.E. 

Geranium cespitosum, James, in Long's Exped. 2, p. 3; Gray, PI. Fendl., p. 25. 
On the Zuni and San Francisco mountains, New Mexico ; August, October. 

This rare species first discovered about thirty years ago, by Dr. James, and 
was not found again for more than a quarter of a century, when Fendler collected 
it, near Santa Fe. 



ZUffa AND COLORADO RIVERS. 157 



ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 

Kallstraemeria maxima, Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 213. On the Zuni and Little 
Colorado rivers ; September. 



VITACE.E. 

Vitis aestivalis, Michx. Fl., 2, p. 230 ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 244. Yampai 
creek. 

Ampdopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Fl., 1. c. ; Torr. and Gray, 1. c. With the pre- 
ceding. This plant has not been found before so far west. 



RHAMNACE.E. 

Frangula Californica, Gray, Gen. 111., 2, p. 178. Rhamnus tomentellus, Benth. 
R. oleif alius, Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1, p. 223. Yampai river. 

Ceanothus Fendleri, Gray, PI. Fendl., p. 29. San Francisco mountain. 
There are neither flowers nor fruit on our specimens. The leave s are larger 
than in Fendler's plant, some of them being more than an inch long. 



ANACARDIACE.E. 

Rhus irilobata, Nutt., in Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 219; Gray, PL Fendl., p. 28. 
Western limits of New Mexico. Leaves and young branches clothed with a dense 
velvety pubescence. 



LEGUMINOS^. 

Vicia pulchella, H. B. K. ? Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 32. Laguna Euematio ; Oc- 
tober. 

The specimens in this collection wholly agree with those numbered 943, PI. 
Wright. II. 

Lathyrus polymorphus, Nutt. ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 277; Gray, PI. Fendl., 
p. 30. Rio Zuni ; September. 

L. linearis, Nutt., in Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1. c. ; Gray, PI. 2, p. 32. Zuni moun- 
tain, August. 

L. palustris, Linn. ? var. foliis elongatis, &c, Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 32. In 
scription Rock ; August. 

Our plant is exactly like Wright's 946, 1851. Some of the leaflets are nearly 
four inches long, and scarcely two lines wide. 



15$ REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

L. myrtifolius, MuM.; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 275. Laguna Enematio; Oc- 
tober. 

Phaseolus leiospermus, Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 280. Laguna Enematio. 

Psoralea floribunda, Nutt., in Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 300. Zuni mountain; 
August ; and Bill Williams's river ; October. 

Amorphafruticosa, Linn ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 305. Bill Williams's river ; 
not in flower. 

Eysenhardtia amorphoides, H. B. K. ; Gray, PI. Lindb., 2, p. 173; and PL 
Wright. 1, p. 45. Eio Zuni. 

Glycirrhiza lepidota, Nutt. Gen. 2, p 106; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 298. Eio 
Laguna; August, (fruit.) 

Trifoliurn involucratum, Willd. ; D. C. Prodr., 2, p. 204; Gray, Plant. Fendl., 
p. 33. Laguna Enematio ; October. 

T.tridentatum, Lindl. Bot. Keg., t. 1070. T. involucratum, Torr. and Gray, 
Fl. 1, p. 318, non. Willd. Ojo Pescado, on the Zuni; August. 

Hosackia Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 43. Laguna Enematio and San 
Francisco mountains ; October. 

The peduncles of all the flowers in our specimens are extremely short. The 
stem is suffrutescent. 

Oxytropis Lamberti, Pursh; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 339. San Francisco 
mountain; October. 

Astragalus Fendleri, Gray, PL Wright., 2, p. 45. Phaca Fendleri, Gray, PL 
Fendl., p. 35. Western borders of New Mexico; October, (in fruit.) 

A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Gen. 2, p. 99 ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 331. On the 
Eio Grande, below Dona Ana ; July. 

Luplnus Mexicanus, Lagasca; Gray, PL Wright. 2, p. 49. San Francisco 
mountain; October. 
Our specimens agree very well with Wright's 1020 of Coll., 1851. 

L. pusillus, Pursh; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 9, p. 374. Zuni mountains ; August. 

Algarobla glandidosa, Torr. and Gray, Fl. l,p. 399; Gray, PL Wright. 1, p. 60. 
On the Eio Colorado ; November. 

Acacia Grcgg'ri,G\'w, PI. Wright. 1, p. 65. On Yampai creek. The speci- 
mens are without flowers or fruit. 

Strombocarpa odorata, Prosopis adorata, Torr., in Frem. 2d report, 1, p. 313> 
t. 1. On the Eio Colorado of the west. 

EOSACEiE. 

Ccrcocarpus parvifolius, Nutt., in Torr. and Gray, FL 1, p. 427. Bill Williams' 
river; October, (fruit.) 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 159 

Cowania Stansburyana, Torr., in Stansbury's report, t. 3, with the preceding ; 
October, (flower and fruit.) 

This species is readily distinguished from C. Mexicana, which it much resem- 
bles, by the pinnatified leaves. 

Fallugia paradoxa, Torr., in Emory's report, p. — , t. 2, Gray, PL Fendl., p. 41 ; 
PI. Wright. 1, p. 63. On the Zuni and Yampai creek; November, (flowers and 
fruit.) 

Potentilla diffusa, Gray, PI. Fendl., p. 41. Zuni mountain; August. 

Horkelia 1 midtifoliolata, sp. nov. ; glabrescens ; foliis radicalibus 51-81-foliola- 
tis; foliolis lato-obovatis approximatis, apice 2-4-lobis, vel subintegris; petalis 
oblongo-cuneifonnibus ; staminibus 20 ; carpellis paucis. Western borders of 
New Mexico ; October. 

A remarkable species, nearly allied to one collected in northern California, by 
the botanists of Captain Wilkes's exploring expedition. From Horkelia it differs 
in its numerous stamens and filiform filaments ; from Potentilla in its companulate 
calyx and narrow unguiculate petals ; from both in its few carpels, which seldom 
exceed six in number. 

Photinia arbutifolia, Lindl.; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 473. Western borders 
of New Mexico ; October, (fruit.) 

The leaves, in our only specimen, are rather obtuse, and slightly serrate. The 
fruit contains but one perfect seed. 

Rosa blanda, Ait. ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 459; var. ? Nearly glabrous, 
leaflets mostly 9 ; prickles scattered, slender, slightly curved. Western borders 
of New Mexico. Our specimens are without flowers or fruit. 

ONAGRACE.E. 

Epilobium coloratum, Muhl. ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 489. Laguna creek and 
Zuni mountains; August; in flower and fruit. 

(Enothera biennis, Linn.; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 492; Yampai creek; Octo- 
ber ; in fruit. 

(E. coronopifolia, Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 495; Gray, PI. Fendl., p. 43. Yam- 
pai creek ; October. 

(E. Hartwcgi, Benth. PI. Hartw., p. 1, var. foliis angusto linearibus. Little 
Colorado, September. 

Gaura coccinea, Nutt. ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1 , p. 518. Near the puebla of La 
guna ; August ; in fruit. 

LOASACE^E. 

Mentzelia (Bartonia) midtijlora, Nutt. PI. Gainb., p. 180; Gray, PI. Fendl. p. 
48, and PI. Wright. 1, p. 74. Western part of New Mexico. The only sped 
men is in fruit; which is urceolate-turbinate. 



160 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



GROSSULACE.E. 

Ribes irriguum, Dougl. in'Hort. Trans., 7, p. 516 ; Ton*, and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 547. 
San Francisco mountain. 

R. cercum, Dougl. 1. c. ; Torr. and Gray, 1. c. Zuni mountains ; August ; in flower 
and fruit. 

R. aureum, Pursh, Fl. 1, p. 164 ; Torr. and Gray, 1. c. On Yampai creek. 



SAXIFRAGACE.E. 

Heuchera rubescens, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. p. 388, t. 5; Gray, PL Wright. 2, p. 
65. Western part of New Mexico; October. The specimens belong to the large 
form collected by Mr. Wright and described by Dr. Gray, (1. c.) 

UMBELLIFER^E. 

Berula angustifolia, Koch, Fl. Germ, and Helv. 2, p. 317? Gray, PI. Fendl. p. 
55, and PI. Wright. 2, p. 65. Sium pusillum, Nutt. in Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 
611 . S-? incisum, Torr. in Fremont's Rep., p. 90. Helosciadium? Calif ornicion, 
Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech, p. 142? On the Laguna; August. 

This plant is widely diffused through the United States. I have specimens 
from Michigan, collected by the late Dr. Wright; from East Florida, sent by Mr. 
Buckley ; from Col. Fremont, collected on the north fork of the Platte. Dr. 
Gray has also, in the works above quoted, enumerated several other stations for 
it. It was found by Dr. Pickering in Oregon, from whence also Mr. Nut tall ob- 
tained his Sium pusillum, which is pretty certainly our plant. If the plant of 
Beechey be the same, then it is also a native of California. I have carefully 
sought, as Dr. Gray has also done, for characters to distinguish it specifically 
from the European B. angustifolia, but have not found them. The chief differ- 
ences are the narrower fruit, and the entire (not subincised) leaflets of the invo- 
lucre. 

Peucedanum triternatum, Nutt. in Torr. and Gray, Fl. 1, p. 626. Seseli hiterna- 
tum, Pursh, D. C. Prodr. 4, p. 196 ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1, p. 204, t. 94. La- 
guna Enematio ; October ; in flower and fruit. 

LORANTHACEJE. 

Phoradendronflavescens, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad., (n. ser.) 1, p. 185 ; Engelm. 
in Gray, PL Fendl., p. 59, and in Gray, PL Lindh. 2, p. 213. Viscum flaxescens f 
Pursh, Torr. and Gray, FL 1, p. 654. Western part of New Mexico; November. 

P. juniperinum, Engelm. in Gray, PL Fendl. 1. c. Parasitic on Juniperus. 
Little Colorado, and on the San Francisco mountain. 

P. Californicum, Nutt, 1. c. Engelm. in Gray, PL Lindh. 2, p. 2J3. Parasitic 
on Stronibocarpus. Colorado of California; November; in fruit. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 161 



COMPOSITE. 

Pedis angustifolia, Torr. in Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 2, p. 62. Pectidop- 
sis angustifolia, D. C. Prodr. 7, p. — . On the Rio Zuni and on a mountain 
between Acona and Laguna. August, September. 

Eupatorium ageratifolium, Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 90. fi. herbaceum, Gray, 
PI. Wright. 2, p. 74. San Francisco mountain and Laguna Enematio, New Mex- 
ico; October. Heads mostly about 20-flowered. 

Macharanthera canescens, var. latifolia, Gray. PI. Wright. 2, p. 75. Dieteria 
asteroides, Torr. in Emory's report. 

There are three forms of this species in the collection; l,with several erect 
stems, a caudex, which bears a dense tuft of leaves, with the scales of the invo- 
lucre slightly squarrose ; 2, with loose assurgent branches and strongly squar 
rose involucral scales ; 3, with small, narrow, nearly entire leaves. The first 
occurs on San Francisco mountain ; the second on Yampai creek ; and the third 
along the Colorado. October, November. 

Aster pauciflorus, Nutt. Gen. 2, p. 154. Torr. and Fl. 2, p. 164. Rio Laguna; 
August. This species certainly perennial. 

A. angustus, Torr. and Gr. Fl. 2, p. 162. Tripolium angustum, Lindh. Diffuse 
and branching from the root, which is annual. Rio Zuni, near the Puebla. Sep- 
tember. 

A. multiflorus,vwc. commutatus. New Mexico; October. This is one of the 
smaller leaved forms. 

Erigeron macranthum, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 7, p. 310 ; 
Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 173. Zuni mountain ; August. 

E. delphinifolium, Willd. Hort. Berol., t. 90 ; Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 77, wit 
the preceding ; Laguna Enematio, &c. September, October. 

E.divergens, Torr. and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 175, Gray, PI. Wr. 1, p. 91. Laguna 
Enematio; October. 

Townsendia strigosa, Nutt. 1. c. Gray, PI. Fendl., p. 70, Rio Zuni. September. 

Guttierezia Euthamice, Torr. and Gr. Fl. 2, p. 193. Zuni mountain; August. 

G. microccphala, Gray, PL Fendl., p. 74. Rio Zuni. The heads were mostly 
two-flowered. 

Solidago mollis, Bartl. Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 79. S. incana, Torr. and Gr. 
1. c. San Francisco mountain ; October. 

Linosyris pulchella, Gray, PI. Wright. 1, p. 98. Little Colorado ; October. 

L. depressa, Nutt. PI. Gamb. p. 171, (under Chrysotkamnus.) Mountains of 
New Mexico ; September. 

The only specimen in the collection agrees exactly with the description of Nut- 
tall in the work quoted. Mr. N. is still of opinion that his Genus Clirysothamnus 
ought to be retained. 
11 



162 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

L. graveolens, Torr. and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 234. Near Laguna ; August. 

Aplopappus spinulosus, D. C, Torr. and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 240. Mountain ridge 
between Laguna and Acona. 

A. Nuttallii, Torr. and Gr. 1. c. Eriocarpum grinddioides, Nutt. Trans. Amer. 
Phil. Soc. 7, p. 321. On the Eio Zuni; September. 

This well-marked species has not hitherto been found since it was detected by 
Mr. Nuttall in Oregon. 

A. (Pyrrocoma) racemosa, Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 244. Homopappus race- 
mosus, Nutt. 1. c. On the Laguna ; October. 

A stout plant, with the heads more than an inch in diameter, the rays incon- 
spicuous, and the achenia glabrous. Hitherto this species has been found only 
on the plains of the Wahlamet, in Oregon. 

Chrysopsis vi/losa, Nutt. Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 255. San Francisco mount- 
ain, and on the Little Colorado ; September. 

C. canescens, Torr. and Gr., 1. c. Eio Laguna ; August. 

Baccharis brachyphylla, Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 83, var? foliis minutis obovato- 
spatulatis, vel cuneatis integerrimis vel raro apice utrinque unidentatis, involucre 
pleuriseriatis, squamis lanceolatis obtusiusculis glabris. Yampai creek ; No- 
vember. 

Shrubby, with numerous erect branches, which are covered with a resinous 
aromatic varnish. Leaves mostly about one-third of an inch long, somewhat ap- 
pressed, rigid, obtuse ; sometimes rather acute, mostly entire. Heads 3-4 lines 
long, either solitary and terminating the numerous branches, or several together, 
and nearly sessile. Involucre hemispherical-turbinate, the scales closely ap- 
pressed, in four or five series. Achenia glabrous. Pappus pale fulvous, about 
three times the length of the achenia. Accompanying the specimens, (which 
were female only) and adhering to one of them, was a linear-lanceolate glabrous 
entire leaf, nearly three inches in length, which seems to have belonged to the 
lower part of the plant. A species of Baccharis nearly allied to this, but appa- 
rently distinct, was collected by Major Emory on the Gila, in 1846, and is one of 
those alluded to in the botanical appendix to his report. It differs from the plant 
here described in its smaller and narrower leaves, larger heads, broader and 
more obtuse involucral scales, with longer and finer pappus. It is very abundant 
in the valley of the Gila, forming dense " bunches." 

Tessaria borealis, Torr. and Gray, in Emory's rep., p. 143, Gray; PI. Fendl., p. 
75; PI. Wright. 1, p. 102. On the Colorado; abundant on the sand-banks. The 
long straight branches are used for arrows by the Indians, whence it is called 
"arrow-wood" by travellers. November. 

Ambrosia psilostachya, D. C, Prodr. 5, p. 526; Gray, PI. Wright. 1, p. 104, 
(adult.) Bill Williams's river; October. 

Franseria Hooheriana, Nutt. ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 294. Near the puebla 
of Zuni; September. The spines of the involucre are broadly lanceolate in many 
of the heads. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 163 

Zinnia grandiflora, Nutt. in Traus. Ainer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 7, p. 348; Torr. 
and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 23; Torr. in Emory's rep., p. 144, t. 4. Eio Zuni and on the 
Little Colorado ; also on the Rio Laguna ; August, October. 

Lepachys columnaris, Torr. and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 315. On the Zuni mountain; 
August. 

Heliorneris multiflora, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. (n. ser.) 1, p. 171; Gray, PL 
Fendl., p. 84. On Zufii and San Francisco mountain; September, October. 

Helianthus lenlicularis, Dougl. in Bot. Eeg. t. 1285; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 
3] 9. Little Colorado ; October. 

H. petiolaris, Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Phil. 2, p. 115; Torr. and Gr. 1. c. Eio 
Laguna; August. Var. foliis lineari-lanceolatis. With the preceding; September 
27. 

Helianthclla uniflora, Torr. and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 334. Helianthus uniflorus, Nutt. 
in Jour. Acad. Phil. 7, p. 37. Bill Williams's river; October. 

Achenia obovate-cuneiform, blackish, about 5 lines long and 2 wide, distinctly 
winged, ciliate ; the intermediate squamellee acute, lacerate, nearly half as long 
as the persistent slender awns. 

Coreopsis cardaminaifolia, Torr. and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 346; Gray, PL Wright. 1, p 
108. Zuni, near the Puebla; September. 

Thelesperma gracile, Gray, in Kew Jour. Bot. 1, p. 352. Cosmidium gracile, 
Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 250. Eio Laguna. Achenia strongly verrucose on one 
side. 

Sanvitalia Aberti, Gray, PL Fendl., p. 87, and PL Wright. 1, p. 111. On the 
Colorado ; September. The achenia are wholly awnless in all the specimens of 
this collection. 

Ximenesia encelioides, Cavan. Ic. 2, p. 60 ; Torr. and Gr. 2, p. 359 ; Gray, PL 
Fendl., p. 87. Little Colorado and head of the Eio Laguna; September, October. 

Gaillardia aristata, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 573; Torr. and Gr. Fl. 2, p. 366. On the 
Little Colorado and Zuni; September. 

Hymenopappus flavescens, Gray, PL Fendl., p. 97. On the Zuni ; September. 

Bahia o p posit if olia, D. C. Prodr. 5, p. 656 ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 376 ; Gray, 
PL Fendl., p. 99. Trichophyllum oppositifolium, Nutt. Gen. 2, p. 167. On the 
Zuni, near the Puebla; September. A rare species, first detected by Mr. Nut - 
tall on the Upper Missouri, and not found afterwards for more than thirty years. 

Riddellia tagctina, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 7, p. 371 ; Torr. 
and Gr. Fl. 2, p. 362 ; Torr. in Emory's report, t. 5. On the Eio Laguna and 
Eio Zuni ; also along the Little Colorado ; August, October. 

Actinclla Richardsonii, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 331; Gray, PL 
Fendl., p. 101. San Francisco mountain ; October. Eays 3-4 lobed. Pappus 
nerveless. 



164 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

A. glabra, Nutt. 1. c. Torr. and Gr. 1. c. Rio Zuni; September. 

Hymenothrix? Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright. 2, p. 97. New Mexico; October 21 

The particular station of this remarkable species is not recorded. The speci- 
mens are scarcely more than a foot high, and the root seems to be annual ; in all 
other respects, except in the broader lobes of the leaves, the plant agrees with 
Dr. Gray's description (1. c.) The marginal flowers appear somewhat bilabiate, 
from the union (sometimes nearly to the summit) of the lobes of the corolla. 

Achillea millefolium, Linn. ; Torr. and Gr. Fl. 2, p. 409. Laguna, &c, October. 

Artemesia frigida, Willd. ; Torr. and Gr. Fl. 2, p. 424. On the Zuni mountain ; 
August. 

A dracunculoides, Pursh, Fl. 2, p.. 521; Torr. and Gr. 1. c. Yampai creek; 
November. 

A. Canadensis, Michx. Fl. 2, p. 129 ; Torr. and Gr. 1. c. San Francisco mount- 
ain ; October.. 

Seneciofilifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil.. Soc/(n. ser.) 7, p. 414; Torr. and 
Gr. Fl. 2, p. 444. On the Rio Zuni; August, September. 

Cirsium undulatum, Spreng. ; Torr. and Gray, Fl. 2, p. 456. Zuni mountain 
and San Francisco mountain ; August, October. 

Stephanomcria runcinata, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr.. and Gray, 1. c. New Mexico ; Octo- 
ber 24, 

ASCLEPIADACE^E. 

Asclepias verticillata fi ? leptophylla: stem slender, with several lines of pubes- 
cence, otherwise glabrous, nearly simple ; leaves verticillate in fours, narrowly 
linear, somewhat revolute on the margin, green, on both sides ; the midrib under- 
neath thick and prominent ; peduncles pubescent, shorter than the leaves ; umbels 
few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla ovate ; hoods ovate on the back, the horn subu- 
late-falciform, exserted ; gynostegium on a short stalk ; follicles lanceolate, slen- 
der, glabrous. Rio Laguna; August. A common New Mexican plant, differing 
from A. verticillata of the Atlantic States in its longer, broader, and far less 
crowded leaves, fewer-flowered umbels, longer horns, shorter stipe of the gyno- 
stegium, &c. 

Acerates decumbens, De Caisne in D. C. Prodr. 8, p. 522, Torr. in Emory's re- 
port. Anantherix decumbens, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser ) 5, p. 202. 
On the Rio Laguna ; October ; in fruit. 

GENTIANACEiE. 

Gentiana Saponaria, var. puberula, Torr. and Gray, in Gray, Bot. N. St. G. 
puberula, Michx. San Francisco mountain; October. 

Eustoma Russeliana, G. Don; Griseb. in D. C. Prodr. 9, p. 51. Lisianthus 
glaucifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 5, p. 197. Valley of the 
Rio Grande ; July. 



r\ 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 165 



POLEMONIACE.E. 



Gilia pulchclla, Dougl. ; Benth. in D. C. Prodr. 9, p. 313. On the San Fran- 
cisco and Zuni mountains, New Mexico ; August, October. 

G. glomeruliflora, Juss.? Benth. 1. c? On the Zuni river, and in other parts of 
New Mexico. Fl. and fruit, September, October. There are from 3 to 4 ovules 
in each cell of the ovary. 

G. longiflora, G. Don; Benth. 1. c. Cantua longiflora, Torr. in Amer. Lye, N. 
York, 2, p. 221. Ojo de Gallis, head of Rio Laguna; August. 

Phlox nana, Nutt. Plant. Gambel. p. 153. Laguna Enematio, and other parts 
of New Mexico; September. A dwarf species, resembling P. sukulata, but with 
larger and broader leaves. 

FOUQUIERACEJL 

Fouquiera splcndens, Engelm. in Wisliz. Exped., p. 98; Gray, PL Wright. I., p. 
76, and II., p. 63. F. spinosa, Torr. in Emory's rep., p. 147, t. 8; excl. syn. On 
Carissa creek, California ; December 10 ; in flower. 

A widely diffused species, being found from the San Pedro, in Western Texas, 
to near the Pacific ocean. Mr. Thurber, of the Mexican boundary survey, found 
F. spinosa near Rayon, in Sonora, and I have what appears to be F.formosa col- 
lected by Mr. Rich, in Lower California. It strongly resembles F. splendens, 
except in the looser inflorescence, and the spines are an inch long; while in 
Kunth's description of F.formosa they are said to be " brevissimis." In Philce- 
teria horrida, Liebm., however, (which is pretty certainly the same species,) the 
species are described as from half to two-thirds of an inch long. Liebmann, with- 
out being aware that his Philceteria was a Fouquiera, referred the plant to Pole- 
moniacew., and long before Willdeman considered F. spinosa as a species of Cantua; 
so that several botanists have noticed the resemblance of Fouquiera to Polamo- 



HYDROLEACE.E. 

Eriodictyon glutinosum, Benth. Bot. Sulph., p. 35; Chois. in D. C. Prodr. 10, 
p. 183. Wigandia ? Californica, Hook. Bot. Beech. Suppl. p. 364, t. 88. 

Branches and leaves thickly covered with an aromatic varnish, which is very 
soluble in alcohol. Yampai creek. 

SOLANACEJ3. 

Solanum Jamcsii, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. York, 2, p. 227 ; Dunal in D. C. Prodr. 
13, pars 1, p. 40. Also, S. pinnatisectum, Dunal, 1. c? Zuni mountain ; August. 
Not an uncommon species in New Mexico. 

Datura mctel, Linn.; Dunal, 1. c. Common in New Mexico. Fl. and Fr. 
August, October. D. meteloidcs of Dunal seems to be scarcely distinct. The 
alternate teeth of the corolla are often indistinct. 



166 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

Castilleja pallida, Kth. ; Benth. in D. C. Prodr. 10, p. 31. On the Zuni mount- 
ains ; August. 

Orthocarpus luteus, Nutt. Gen. 2, p. 57; Benth. 1. c., with the preceding; 
August. 

Cordylanthus ramosus, Nutt. Mss. ; Benth. in D. C. Prodr. 10, p. 597. Laguna 
Enematio ; October. Plant about a span high. It is the same as 450 Wright, 
Coll. 2, 1849. 

Maurandia antirrhiniflora, Willd. ; Benth. in D. C, Prodr. 10, p. 296. Acoma, 
August. 

Pentsternon Torreyi, Benth. 1. c. On the Zuni mountains ; August. A very 
showy species, with bright red flowers. Not uncommon in New Mexico. 



CONVOLVULACE^. 

Quamoclit hederifolia, Chois. in D. C. Prodr. 9, p. 336? On the Rio Zuni; 
September. 

The peduncles are only 2-3 flowered ; sepals ovate, obtuse, with an abrupt 
stout awn about its own length. 

Convolvulus lobatus, Engelm. and Gray, PI. Lindh., 1, p. 44, (in adnot.) C. 
hastatus, Nutt., in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, (n. ser.,) 5, p. 114. C. Nuttallii, 
Torr., in Emory's report, ed. 1, p. 149. Puebla of Laguna; August. 

This species was omitted, by mistake, in the second edition of Emory's report. 

BORAGINACE.E. 

Lithospermum hirtum, Lehm. ; D. C. Prodr. 10, p. 78. On San Francisco and 
Zuni mountains ; August, October. 

Echinosperrnum patulum, Lehm. ; D. C. Prodr. 10, p. 137. On the Zuni river ; 
August. 

LABIATE. 

Salvia lanceolata, Willd; Benth., in D. C. Prodr. 12, p. 299. S. trichoste- 
moides, Pursh, Fl. 1, p. 19 ; Torr., in Ann. Lye, N. York, 2, p. — . Rio Laguna, 
and river Zuni ; August. 

Monarda punctata, Linn.; Benth., in D. C. Prodr. 12, p. 3. & (?) humilis. 
Annual, low ; leaves oblong lanceolate ; narrowed at the base into a short petiole ; 
bracts oblong, colored, calyx nearly glabrous ; the teeth triangular lanceo- 
late, short ; corolla pubescent. On the Zuni ; September. Plant scarcely a span 
high. Perhaps a distinct species. 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 167 

Mentha Canadensis, Linn.; Bentk. 1. c. yS. glahrat a, Benth., 1. c. M.borealis, 
Michx. Fl. 2, p. 2. Rio Lagima; August. 

Cedronella Mexicana, Benth. Lab., p. 502? Zuni mountains ; August. 

VERBENACE.E. 

Verbena bracteosa, Michx. Fl. 2, p. 14; Schaur, in D. C. Prodr. 11, p. 545. 
Rio Zuni ; September. 

PLUMBAGINACE.E. 

Statice Californica, Boiss, in D. C. Prodr. 12, p. 643. Zuni mountains ; August. 
Not sufficiently distinct, I fear, from S. limonium. 

POLYGONACEiE. 

Polygonum aviculare, Linn. ; Gray, Bot. N. States, p. 338. On the Zuni ; 
August. A large form, with greatly elongated assurgent branches, which are two 
feet or more in length. 

Eriogonum ortkocladon (Torr. mss., in D. C. Prodr. ined. :) perenne, albido-to- 
mentosum ; foliis omnibus radicalibus ovato-oblongis longe petiolatis pedunculo 
(vel caule) erecto scapiformi nudo stricto, supra medio 2 (rare 3) fido, ramis 
erectis indivisis vel rarissiine bifidis ; involucris campanulato-tubulosis solitariis 
sessilibus distantibus, apice 5-dentatis ; perigoniis glabris, laciniis obovatis sequa- 
libus. On the Zuni and San Francisco mountains ; August, October. Leaves all 
radical, springing from a short thick caudex, about two inches long, clothed (like 
the rest of the plant) with a white flocculent pubescence. Scape 2-3 feet high, 
terete, straight, divided above the middle into two, or rarely three, straight erect 
branches, both of which are sometimes again forked ; involucres somewhat uni- 
lateral along the upper part of the branches, many-flowered, somewhat truncate, 
hut distinctly five-toothed at the summit ; pedicels oxserted, articulated close to 
the flower, glabrous; bracts filiform, plumose, as long as the pedicels; filaments 
glabrous ; styles twice as long as the ovary, recurved. 

This, and the following new species, I communicated to Mr. Bentham, who, I 
believe, has described them in his monograph of Eriogoneee, prepared for the 
forthcoming volume of De Candolle's Prodromus. 

E. pharnaceoidcs, (Torr., 1. c. ;) annuum, erectum, e basi ramosissimum ; ramis 
pubescentibus filiformibus ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis acutis basi attenuatis subtus 
albo-tomentosis ; involucris terminalibus solitariis campanulatis longe-peduncula- 
tis; 5-fidis, laciniis acutis; perigoniis glabris, laciniis exterioribus ovatis obtu- 
sissimus basi utrinque subsaccatis, interioribus linearibus longioribus. Western 
part of New Mexico ; October. Also collected by Mr. Wright and Dr. Bigelow, 
on the Rio Grande. Stem 8--15 ches high, divaricately branching from the base 
in a verticillate manner ; the branches very slender ; leaves 6-10 lines long, 3 to 



168 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

8 at each joint, verticillate, dull green and pubescent above, clothed with a white 
wool underneath ; involucres about two lines long, many-flowered, woolly, five-cleft 
below the middle ; the segments ovate lanceolate, and very acute ; pedicels ex- 
serted, jointed close to the flower, glabrous ; bracteoles filiform, plumose ; exte- 
rior segments of the brownish-red perigonium concave, erect, with a shallow 
saccate projection on each side of the base ; interior segments one-third as broad 
as the outer one, emarginate, ovary glabrous, acuminate, crowned with three very 
short styles ; filaments glabrous ; achenium triquetrous ; seed ovate, acuminate ; 
cotyledons flat ; radicle elongated, ascending. A very distinct species, but rela- 
ted to E. Abertianum. 

E. alatum, (Torr., 1. c. ;) perenne ; caule erecto subflexuoso folioso, ramis alter- 
nis erectis paniculatis ; foliis spathulatis hirsutis ; pedunculis terminalibus ternis ; 
involucris solitariis campanulatis 5-fidis; perigoniis glabris, laciniis sequalibus; 
acheniis trialatis. On the Zuni river; September. Root stout and blackish, de- 
scending to a great depth ; stem 1--3 feet high, arising from a short thick caudex, 
which is clothed with the remains of leaves. Radical leaves 2-4 inches long, and 
3-5 lines wide, almost villous, with long hairs, mostly obtuse ; stem leaves much 
smaller, and gradually diminishing in size upward, all of them erect. Branches 
solitary and distant, subdivided in a trichotomous manner, each division bearing a 
single involucre, which is about 2£ lines long, and pubescent. Pedicels glabrous, 
a little exserted, jointed close to the flower ; perigonium not enlarging after flow- 
ering; the segments lanceolate ; filaments glabrous ; ovary oblong, triquetrous, 
longer than the styles ; achenium nearly four lines long, with three very conspic- 
uous membranaceous wings ; seed ovate, triangular ; embryo straight. 

This remarkable species was first detected by Colonel Fremont in upland 
prairies, at the sources of the Plata, in 1843, and again in 1845 in "Bahia Salada," 
in the Rocky mountains. Lieutenant Abert found it on the Raton mountains 
in 1846. 

E. Jamesii, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. 14, (ined.) E. sericeum, Torr. in Ann. 
Lye. N. York, 2, p. 241, excl. syn. Head of the Rio Laguna, and on the Zuni 
mountains ; August, September. This is a common species in New Mexico. No. 
617 Wright, col. 2, is the same. 

E. cernuum, Nutt. PI. Gambel., in Jour. Acad. Phil., (ser. 2,) 1, p. 162. On 
the Zuni river ; September. A small annual species. Captain Stansbury found 

it on Green river, west of the Rocky mountains ; Colonel in the South 

Park of the same mountains ; and Lieut. Simpson on the Sierra de Tenu-che. 

E. effusum, Nutt. 1. c. ; $ ? leptophyllum, suffrutescens, multicaulis ; ramis 
erectis foliosis albotomentosis demum glabrescentibus ; foliis angusto-linearibus 
subglabris ; pedunculis composite-trichotomis ; involucris campanulato-tubulosis 
pauci-(sub 6)-floris truncatis obscure quinquedentatis ; perigoniis glabris, laciniis 
obovatis sequalibus. Rio Zuni; September. About ten inches high; stems nu- 
merous from a ligneous base, slender, leafy to the peduncles ; leaves about an 
inch long, and scarcely a line wide ; in the dry state revolute on the margin, nearly 
glabrous. Peduncles many times trichotomous, forming a compound fastigiate 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 169 

cyme; the bracts somewhat subulate. Involucre about two lines long, and less 
than a line in breadth. Flowers exserted, erect, larger than the involucre. Brac- 
teoles filiform, glandularly pubescent. Filaments pubescent. Styles longer than 
the ovary. Achenium triquetrous. This plant differs from E. effusum in the 
leafy and more slender stems ; much narrower leaves, and nearly toothless invo- 
lucres, as well as in some less important characters ; but it may be only a variety 
of that species. 



NYCTAGINACE^. 

Abronia cycloptera, Gray, in Sill. Journ. (n. ser.) 15, p. — . A. (Tripterocalyx) 
micrantha, Torr. in Frem. 1st rep., p. 96, and in Emory's rep., p. 149; Choisy, in 
D. C. Prodr. 13, p. 436. Near the puebla of Zuni; September. 

A. mellifera, Dougl. mss. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2879 ; Choisy, 1. c. Carissa 
creek, California ; December. 

Oxybapkus angustif alius, Sweet, Hort. Brit. p. 567 ; Choisy, in D. C. Prodr. 13, 
p. 433. Allionia linearis, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 728. On the Zuni, and near the puebla 
of Laguna ; August, September. 

Quamoclidion multiflorum, Torr. ; Gray, 1. c. Oxybapkus multiflorus, Torr. in 
Ann. Lye. N. York, 2, p. 237. Nyctaginea 1 Torreyana, Choisy, 1. c. Eio Lagu- 
na; August. 



SALSOLICE^E. 

Cycloloma platyphyllum, Moq. Chenop., p. 18, and in D. C, Prodr. 13, (pars 
post.) p. 60. Salsola platyphilla, Fl. 1, p 174. Kochia dentata, Willd. Enum. 1, 
p. 28, t. 28. Near the puebla of Zuni; September. Much branched from the 
root, and widely spreading. 

Sarcobatus vermicularis, Torr. in Emory's rep., p. 150. S. Maximiliani, Nees. 
Frimontia vermicularis, Torr. in Fremont's 1st and 2d reports. Batis vermicula- 
ris, Hook. Ojo del Harra, on the Zuni; August. 

Obionecanescens, Moq. Chenop., p. 74; and in D. C. Prodr. 13, (pars post.) p. 112. 
Atriplex canescens, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 370. Pterochiton occidcntalc, Torr. and Frem. 
in Frem. 2d rep., p. 318. P. cawscens, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. (n. ser.) 1, 
p. 184. Obionc occidental, Moq. 1. c. On the Little Colorado of New Mexico, 
and on the Colorado of California; October, November; in fruit. 

O. lentiformis : caule suffruticoso ramosissimo inermo subtereti ; ramis panicu- 
latis ; foliis orbiculari-deltoideis, vel subcordatis, sinuato-paucidentatis vel subin- 
tegris, petiolatis, lepidoto-farinosis, cinereo-incanis ; fructibus sessilibus numerosis- 
simus ad ramulos congestis; bracteis orbicularis integris vel remote repando 
denticulatis basi coalitis ; disco nudo. On the Colorado of California ; November ; 
in fruit. Also found by Major Emory on the Gila, near its mouth. 



170 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

This species is remarkable for its very abundant, small, lentiform fruits (about 
two lines in diameter,) which completely cover the paniculate spreading branches. 
The leaves are from half an inch to nearly an inch long. 

Corispermum hyssopifolium, Linn. ; Pursh, Fl. 1, p. 8; Moq. in D. C. Prodr. 13, 
(pars post.) p. 140. C. hyssopifolium, 0. Americanum, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 4. On 
the Zuni ; September. 

Acanthochilon : gen. nov. Flores dioici, heteromorphi. Mas. Perigonium ebrac- 
teatum? Vel 1-2 bracteatum, 5-sepalum; sepalis eequalibus erectis. Stamina 5; 
filamenta filiformia ; antheree oblongse biloculares. Fern. Perigonium 1-2-phyllum 
vel nullum. Stamina 0. Ovarium ovatum compressiusculum ; styli 2-4, filformes 
intus stigmatosi. Utriculus ovato-ellipticus, membranaceus, subcompressus, apte- 
rus circumscisse dehiscens. Semen verticale, compressum; albumen centrale, 
farinaceum. Embryo annularis ; radicula infera. Herba annua glabriuscula. Folia 
lanceolato, integra. Flores axillares, sessiles ; masculi glomerati ; fceminei glome- 
rato-spicati, foliorum bractealium cordato-falciformium spinescentium basi recon- 
diti. 

A. Wrightii. Near the puebla of Zuni, and on the Little Colorado; September. 
Plant about a foot high ; the female much more branching than the male ; nearly 
glabrous. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, a little undulate, or sometimes crenulate, 
on the margin ; acute, and usually tipped with short mucro, tapering at the base 
into a petiole; penuinerved, the nerves prominent underneath. Starninate flowers 
in small roundish clusters in the axils of all the leaves, from the middle of the 
stem to the summit, giving the appearance of a leafy interrupted spike. Perianth 
sometimes apparently naked at the base, but often with one or two bractioles ; 
leaflets lanceolate, very acute. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Flowers in 
the pistillate plant also in numerous axillary clusters, or rather short spikes. 
Bracts broadly cordate-falcate, coriaceous, squarrose, reticulately veined, crenu- 
late on the margin, tipped with a sharp and somewhat rigid point, each enclosing 
and concealing a single flower. Perianth consisting of one or two lanceolate or 
spatulate scales — sometimes wanting. No traces of stamens. Ovary glabrous 
and even, with a single ovule ; styles usually three or four, seldom two. Utricle 
opening transversely a little above the middle. Seed dark brown. Embryo 
slender, forming a nearly complete circle. 

This plant was first detected in Western Texas, in 1849, by Mr. Wright ; it has 
much the habit of Agriophyllum, but differs in being dioecious, and in the even, 
circumscissile utricle. It is an anomalous Chenopodiacca, and might, perhaps, be 
referred to Amaranthacece. 



SAURURACE.E. 

Anemiopsis Calif brnica, Nutt. in Ann. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 136; Hook, and Arn. 
Bot. Beech., p. 390, t. 92. Valley of the Rio Grande, a few miles below Dona 
Ana ; July. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 171 



EUPHORBIACE.E. 

Hendecandra Texensis, Klotzch, in Erich. Arch. (1841) l,p. 252. H. multijlora, 
Torr. in Frem. 1st report. Croton muricatum, Nutt. ia Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 
(n. ser.) 5, p. 173. Ojo Pescadi, head of the Rio Zurii; August. 

Euphorbia maculata, Linn. ; Gray, Bot. N. St., p. 406. Rio Laguna; August. 

E. herniarioides, Nutt. 1. c. ; Engelrn. and Gray, PI. Lindh. 1, p 52. Little 
Colorado ; October. 



JUGLANDACEvE. 

Juglans rupestris, Engelm. (niss.): foliis numerosis, (17-23,) lanceolatis apice 
attenuatis, basi obliquis inequalibus subfalcatis margine integris vel remote den- 
ticulatis petiolisque minute pubescentibus ; fructibus globosis compressiusculis 
glanduloso-pubescentibus ; nuce longitudinaliter sulcato; putamine creberrimo. 
New Mexico, in various place, commonly in stony places. Also found in western 
Texas. 

This species is usually a shrub 8--12 feet high, but, in favorable situations, some- 
times rising to thirty feet. Leaves a foot or more long ; leaflets 2-3 inches long, 
and 6 to 8 lines wide, often perfectly entire ; fruit about the size of a musket-ball, 
usually depressed, globose, the pulp thin; nut about 6 lines in diameter, rather 
deeply sulcate, the sulcae simple, or forked ; shell remarkably thick, so that the 
kernel is scarcely larger than a pea. 

I first received specimens of this plant from Dr. J. M. Bigelow, when he was 
attached, as botanist, to the Mexican Boundary Commission, in 1850. He thought 
it was probably a new species, and wished me, in case it should prove to be unde- 
scribed, to name it J. Wlrippleana, in compliment to Lieutenant Whipple, who 
was also a member of the Boundary Commission. Accordingly, I read an account 
of it, under this name, before the American Scientific Association, in August, 
1851 ; but the description was not published. Afterwards I was informed that Dr. 
Engelmann had obtained the plant before me, and had already named it J. rupes- 
tris, which name is therefore adopted. Last year I received from Dr. Woodhouse, 
and also from Dr. Bigelow, specimens of what I at first took for a second new 
species of Juglans, very near J. rupestris, but with broader and more closely ser- 
rated leaflets, with fruit three times larger, as well as less strongly sulcate, and 
the shell is proportionably thinner. It was figured and engraved before I began 
to doubt whether it was a distinct species. For the present it may be noticed as 
a variety, thus : 

0. major; foliis oblong-lanceolatis ; fructibus subovato-globosis apiculatis levi- 
ter sulcatis. 

Dr. Woodhouse found the plant in western New Mexico, and Dr. Bigelow col- 
lected it at the Copper Mines. 



172 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



SALICACE.E. 

Salix longifolia, Muhl. ; Carey in Gray's Bot. N. St., p. 429. Yampai creek. 

Two other species of Salix, both apparently distinct from any in the Atlantic 
States, occur in the collection, hut they cannot he certainly determined for want 
of the flowers. 

Populus tremuloides, Michx. Fl. 2, p. 143; Michx. f. Sylv. 1, p. 125, t. 99, f. c. 
San Francisco mountain. 

P. monilifera, Ait.; Michx. f. Sylv. 1, p. 116, t. 96, f. 2. On the Yampai and 
Little Colorado. 

P. angustifolia, James ; Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. York, 2, p. 249. On the Zuni. 
The leaves are broader than in the original specimens collected by Dr. James, in 
Long's Expedition, being rhombic ovate. 



PLATANACE^E. 

Platanus Mexicanus, Moric. PI. Var. d'Amer., t. 26. P. Californicus, Benth. 
Bot. Sulph., p. 54. Santa Isabella, California; December; in fruit The balls 
of fruit are nearly an inch in diameter, and there are six on one stalk, in a long 
raceme. 



CUPULIFEILE. 

Quercus Gambelii, Nutt. PI. Gamb. in Jour. Acad. Phil. (n. ser.) 1, p. 179. 
San Francisco mountain ; with mature fruit. A variety with the lobes of the 
leaves more acute, was collected on the Zuni. Mr. Nuttall remarks that this 
species approaches Q. obtusiloba in the leaf; but I think it more resembles Q. 
alba. It is near Q. Douglasii, Hook, and Q. Hindsii, Benth. 

Q. oxyadenia : foliis ovatis subcordatis brevipetiolatis subcoriaceis, repando-den- 
tatis, dentibus mucronatis supra-pallidae viridibus glabrescentibus subtus ferru- 
gineo-pubescentibus cupula hemispherica, squamis arete appressis ; glande oblongo 
conica elongata acutissima cupulam 4-5-plo superante. Santo Isabelle, Califor" 
ma. Leaves 1^-2 inches long, probably evergreen, pale green and rather dull 
above, clothed with a ferruginous pubescence underneath ; the veins pale and 
very prominent. Scales of the cup ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, very closely 
appressed, glabrous, and of a chestnut color. Glands about an inch and a half 
long, tapering to a long sharp point. Allied to Q. agrifolia, but differing in the 
form of the acorns, as well as in the size and outline of the leaves. Nuttall, how- 
ever, has represented his Q. agrifolia (in North Amer. Sylv., pi. 2) with long- 
pointed acorns. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 173 

Q. agrifolia, Nees ; Hook. Icon. 3, t. 377 ; Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech., p. 391. 
Yampai Creek; October, (ripe fruit.) A dwarf, much branched species, seldom, 
attaining a greater height than eight feet. Our specimens agree exactly with the 
figure of Hooker, above quoted. 

Q. oblongifolia : foliis coriaceis (perennantibus) oblongis utrinque obtusis inte- 
gerrimis glabris apice muticis ; fructibus sessilibus solitariis ; cupula hemispherica 
turbinata, squamis ovatis convexis ; glande ovata cupulam triplo superante obtusa 
cum umbone parvo conico. 

Western New Mexico. This very neat species of live-oak I am obliged to 
describe as a new species, as I cannot find that it has been hitherto noticed. 



URTICACEJ3. 

Humulus Lupulus, Linn. ; Gray, Bot. of N. St., p. 435. H. Americanus, Nutt. 
in Jour. Acad. Phil. (n. ser.) 1, p. 181. On the Rio San Francisco of Western 
New Mexico. I cannot find sufficient characters for distinguishing the N. Amer- 
ican from the European hop. 



CONIFERS. 

Pinus edulis, Eugelm. in Wisliz. Mem. N. Mex., p. 88. Head of the Rio La- 
guna, New Mexico, and Carissa creek, California; September, December, (with 
mature cones.) The seeds of this species are edible, and much esteemed by the 
Indians. It is related to the singular P. monophylla, Torr., described in Fre- 
mont's 1st report. 

P. macrophylla, Engelm. 1. c. ? On the Zuni mountains; August. Differs from 
the description of Dr. Engelmann in the leaves being constantly in threes, and 
shorter (about 7£ inches long,) and in the smaller cones. 

Pinus (Abies) Douglasii, Sabine Mss. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am., 2, p. 162, t. 
183 ? San Francisco mountains, 7,000 feet above the sea. Our specimens are 
without fruit, and we therefore cannot be certain of the species, but the foliage 
agrees exactly with Douglas's plant. 

Juniperus. — Three species of this genus occur in the collection. 1. A large 
tree, with a trunk sometimes two feet in diameter, and bark more than four 
inches thick. The leaves of the ultimate branches are very minute, rhombic 
ovate and acute, convex, closely imbricated, with a conspicuous resiuiferous gland 
on the back. The fruit is spherical, as large as a rifle-ball, covered with a blue 
bloom, minutely and sparingly tuberculate, and usually contains three seeds. It 
grows in the western part of New Mexico. 2. A tree attaining the height of 
thirty feet, with a smooth bark ; differing from the preceding in its stouter 
branchlets, broadly ovate, more obtuse, and much more convex leaves. The fruit 
(also covered with a bloom) is a little smaller, inclining to ovate, less tuberculous, 



174 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

and contains but a single extremely thick-shelled seed. It was found along the 
Yampai creek and on the Little Colorado. 3. A large shrub, with ovate rather 
acute obtusely carinate leaves. The berries are ouly a little larger than in J. 
Virginiana, the pulp is copious and sweetish, and the seed is usually solitary. It 
grows on the Zuni river. The first species may be J. occidentalis, Hook. ; the 
second is, I suspect, J. tetragona, Schlecht. ; and the third is probably new. 

Ephedra antisiphllitica, Berland. ; Endl. Syu. Conif., p. 263. On the Zuni and 
Yampai rivers. The specimen of Berlandier was collected on the Rio Grande, near 
Laredo, from whence we also possess specimens that agree with the description 
of C. A. Meyer, (quoted by Endlicher, i. c.) and are identical with Dr. Wood- 
house's plant. It is a common species in New Mexico, and is everywhere used 
by the natives as a remedy for gonorrhoea, a disease that is too common in New 
Mexico. 



ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 175 



NOTE. 



The botanical collections placed in my hands for examination by Dr. Wood- 
nouse. consisted of three portions. The first were made chiefly between the 
Neosho and Arkansas rivers, and on the North Fork of the Canadian. The flora 
of this region embraces a great many plants of the States east of the Mississippi, 
and although a full catalogue of the species was prepared, it was not considered 
as of sufficient value to publish it. Some of the more interesting plants found 
between the Neosho and the Arkansas are Hypericum Drummondi, Talinum 
aurantiacum, Oenothera rhomb ipetala, Discopleura Nuttallii, Eryngium Leaven- 
worthii, Heliotropium tenellum, Torr., (Lithospermum tenellum, Nutt.,) and Frceli- 
chia Floridana. 

Of those found on the North Fork of the Canadian, the following are the more 
important : Cleomella angustifolia, Dithyrcea Wislizeni, Hosackia Purshiana, Rosa 
foliolosa, (Enothera Jamesii, Mentzelia ornata, Eryngium dijfusum, Heterotheca 
scabra, Cosmidium flifolium, Coreopsis aristosa, Rudbeckia alismafolia, Solidago 
Missouriensis and petiolaris, Amphiachyris dracunculoides, Vernonia Arkansana, 
Echinacea angustifolia, Centaurea Americana, Lobelia Texensis, Gilia longiflora, 
Euploca convolvulacea, Sabbatea campestris, Ipomcea leptophylla, Asclepias speci- 
osa, Eustenia albida, Hcndecandra Texensis, Euphorbia arenaria, Eriogonium an- 
nuum and longifolium, and Yucca angustifolia. 

The Texan collection was much richer, and a catalogue of it was also prepared, 
but omitted at the suggestion of Dr. Woodhouse, as Mr. Wright, and the botanists 
of the Mexican Boundary Commission, had so recently explored the route passed 
over by Captain Sitgreaves. Most of the plants in this part of the collection 
were gathered between San Antonio and El Paso del Norte. There are very few 
of them that are not included in Dr. Gray's Plantse Wrightianae, as far as that 
work is published. Beyond Composite, the following are the principal: Specu- 
laria ovata, (Dysmicodon ovatam, Nutt.,) Campylocera leptocarpa, Nutt., Chilop- 
sis linearis, Stenandrium barbatum, Gray, Calophanes linearis, Leucophyllum Tex- 
anum, Pentstemon dasyphyllum, Cobaea and Grahami, Solanum Texanum, Ery- 
thrcea Beyrichii, Hcliotrophum inundatum, and Greggi, Torr. mss., Salvia formosa, 
Benth., Asclepias longicornis, Tetraclea Wrightii, Gray, Acleisanthes longiflora, 
Gray, Quercus Emoryi, Juglans rupcstris, $ ? Greenia Arkansana, Nutt., Cheilan- 
thes gracilis, and Selaginella convoluta, Spring. 

The third collection was made between El Paso and California, in the latter 
part of the summer and autumn of 1851. Most of the plants were found on the 
route from Laguna to the Puebla of Zuni, a tributary of the Colorado of the 
West. The Zuni mountains (Sierra de Zufii) rise to the height of 7,545 feet. 
When the party reached California, it was so late in the season that very few 
plants were in a proper state for the herbarium, and the collection is accordingly 
meagre in specimens from the western extremity of the route. It is hoped that 
the list here given will at least contribute to our knowledge of the botanical 
geography of our far western territories. 

JOHN TORREY. 
New York, 1853. 



176 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,* 



Plate 1. Stanleya integrifolia. 
Fig 1 , a flower magnified ; fig. 2, a silique, equally magnified. 

Plate 2. Vernonia Arkansana. 

Fig. 1, a flower; fig. 2, the style; fig. 3, an achenium, with its pappus — all 
magnified. 

Plate 3. Bahia integrifolia. 

Fig. 1, a ray-flower; fig. 2, a disk-flower; fig. 3, style of the same: fig. 4, ache- 
nium — all magnified. 

Plate 4. Linosyris pulchella. 
Fig. 1, a single flower, magnified; fig. 2, the style, more magnified. 

Plate 5. Tessaria borealis. 

Fig. 1. A female flower; fig. 2, a central hermaphrodite flower — both moder- 
ately magnified: fig. 3, pappus of the female flower, more magnified; fig. 4, pap- 
pus of the hermaphrodite, equally enlarged. 

Plate 6. Hymenothrix Wrightii. 

Fig. 1, a margiual flower; fig. 2, a disk-flower; fig. 3, style of the latter; fig. 4, 
pappus ; fig. 5, an achenium — all more or less magnified. 

Plate 7. Gilia longiflora. 

Fig. 1, a flower laid open, but little magnified ; fig. 2, the calyx, more enlarged • 
fig. 3, a stamen, fig. 4, part of the style and the stigma, with the lobes connivent; 
fig. 5, diverging lobes of the style after anthesis ; fig. 6, a capsule ; fig. 7, trans- 
verse section of the same — all magnified. 



* Plates Nos. 1 and 12 represent two plants not contained in the New Mexican collection, but 
they are natives of Texas. They were prepared for another government report, which was not 
published. 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 177 

Plate 8. Eriogonum alatum. 

Fig. 1, involucre; fig. 2, a single flower, with its bract; fig. 3, the pistil; fig. 4, 
acheniuui ; fig. 5, transverse section of the same ; fig. 6, the seed ; fig. 7, the em- 
bryo — all magnified. 

Plate 9. Eriogonum orthocladon. 

Fig. 1, an involucre ; fig. 2, perigonium and bracteole ; fig. 3, achenium — all 
magnified. 

Plate 30. Eriogonum effusum /S? leptophyllum. 

Fig. 1, involucre and flowers; fig. 2, a separate flower; fig. 3, a stamen; fig. 4, 
the pistil— all magnified. 

Plate 1.1. Eriogonum pharnaceoides. 

Fig. 1, an involucre; fig. 2, a flower, with its bracteole; fig. 3, an exterior 
sepal ; fig. 4, an interior sepal ; fig. 5, an achenium ; fig. 6, the embryo — all mag- 
nified. 

Plate 12. Eriogonum umbellatum. 

Fig. 1, involucre and flowers, moderately enlarged; fig. 2, a single flower, 
without its pedicel — more magnified ; fig. 3, an exterior sepal ; fig. 4, an interior 
sepal ; fig. 5, a stamen ; fig. 6, an achenium ; fig. 7, transverse section of the same ; 
fig. 8, the embryo — all magnified. 

Plate 13. Acanthochiton Wrightii. 

The principal figure on the right hand is the male plant, and that on the left 
the female. 

Fig. 1, a mature utricle, with its persistent styles ; fig. 2, the seed ; fig. 4, trans- 
verse section of the same ; fig. 3, the embryo ; fig. 5, a male flower ; fig. 6, a 
sepal ; fig. 7, a stamen— all magnified. 

Plate 14. Obione lentiformis. 
Fig. l,the fructiferous bracts, magnified; fig. 2, the achenium, more magnified. 

Plate 15. Juglans rupestris. 

Fig. 1, the fruit; fig. 2, a nut; fig. 3, the same, cut transversely— all of the 
natural size. 

Plate 16. Juglans rupestris, ,& ? 

Fig. 1, the fruit ; fig. 2, a nut— both of the natural size. 
12 



178 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI, ETC. 

Plate 17. Quercus oxyadenja. 
A branch of the natural size. 

Plate 18. Quercus Gambelii. 

4 branch of the natural size. 

Plate 19. Quercus oblongifolia. 
A branch of the natural size. 

Plate 20. Pinus edulis. 
Eig. 1, a pair of leaves ; fig. 2, a seed — both, of the natural siz®. 



MEDICAL REPORT. 



BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, MJX 



MEDICAL REPORT. 

BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D. 



Academy of Natural Sciences, 

Philadelphia, January 22, 1853. 

Sir : I have the honor to lay before you a report of the medical and surgical 
cases I was called upon to treat while attached to your command as surgeon and 
naturalist, between Santa Fe, New Mexico, and San Diego, California. 

I have introduced one case in particular, in which I was unfortunately the 
sufferer. I refer to the bite of the rattlesnake, (Crotalus Lecontii, Hallowell,) 
with its treatment, which may be of some service to the profession, especially to 
those connected with the army. 

I have introduced in this report only such cases as required active treatment, 
the patients not being fit for duty. I was frequently called upon by the men to 
prescribe ; but the less important cases I have omitted. 

The general health of the party while on the march was excellent, considering 
the privations and hardships to which they were exposed. On leaving Santa Fe, 
until our arrival at Zuni, there was but little disease, with the exception of a few 
cases of venereal. 

On Wednesday morning, the 17th of September, 1851, while Lieut. Parke and 
I were walking out to procure some specimens of birds, when about two miles 
from Zuni, in passing along an Indian trail, I came within a few inches of tread- 
ing upon a rattlesnake, which immediately coiled himself up and prepared to 
strike. Jumping back, I drew my ramrod, and with it struck him over the back, 
with sufficient force to break it. Being a fine specimen, I wished to preserve it 
without further injury, when, placing my gun on his head, and seizing it, as I sup- 
posed, immediately back of the head, picked him up ; but, unfortunately, I had 
too long a hold, when he threw round his head and buried his fang in the side of 
the index finger of my left hand, about the middle of the first phalanx. The 
pain was intense, but momentarily producing a sickening sensation. I immediately 
commenced sucking the wound ; at the same time I got Lieut. P. to apply a liga- 
ture round the finger, to prevent the too rapid absorption of the poison. Scari- 
fying the finger freely, I continued sucking the wound until I returned to camp. 
I sent a man, who was with us at the time, immediately back to the pueblo, to 
bring me some aqua ammonia fortis. He met me about three-fourths of a mile 
from the pueblo. I immediately applied it freely to the wound, when I was met 



182 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

by Mr. Kern, who wished me to try the western remedy ; that is to say, to get 
drunk. This remedy I had often heard of, and, determined to try its efficacy, I 
commenced drinking whiskey. By the time I reached the pueblo I had drank 
about half a pint. During all this time I continued sucking the wound ; then 
taking some ammonia internally, I scarified the finger, holding it in a basin of 
warm water, which allowed it to bleed freely. Already the glands in the axilla 
were getting sore and painful. I commenced drinking brandy ; at the same time 
held my finger in a cup of ammonia. It took a quart of fourth-proof brandy, 
besides the whiskey, to produce intoxication, which only lasted some four or five 
hours. During this state I vomited freely. Soon after coming to my senses, I 
removed the ligature, and applied a large poultice of flaxseed-meal. I repeated 
the ammonia internally, and took some mass hydrg. and ext. collocynth comp. as a 
cathartic. In the evening the glands in the axilla were quite painful ; so was 
also the finger ; took pulv. doveri, grs. x. 

Thursday, 18th. — Passed a restless night, without sleep, although having taken 
during the night pulv opii. grs. iv. This morning the pain in the finger is intense ; 
a well-marked line of inflammation extends along the arm to the axilla; had the 
entire arm and hand painted with tincture of iodine, and the poultice renewed ; 
commenced taking potassii iodidi as an alterative. The pills not having operated, 
took pulv. Seidlitz, which had the desired effect. Diet, boiled rice. Several 
times, on my attempting to walk a few yards, I would be seized immediately with 
nausea and vomiting. This continued for several days. Took at bed-time pulv. 
doveri, grs. x. The arm and hand I have resting on an inclined plane, which 
affords considerable relief. 

Friday, 19tn. — I rested pretty well last night ; but this morning my arm, hand, 
and the glands in the axilla, are much swollen and very painful. Repeated the 
tincture of iodine. Diet, boiled farina. Took, on retiring, pulv. doveri, grs. x. 

Saturday, 20th. — Passed a tolerable night, but my back is getting very sore, as 
the blankets on the stone floor make rather a hard bed. This morning the pain 
is very great, and the swelling extends down the left side to the hips ; renewed 
the tincture of iodine ; removed the skin from off the finger ; it discharged 
freely a watery, sanguineous fluid, without smell ; the nail is becoming loose. The 
broad red line following the course of the lymphatics is now filled with yellow 
serum. The point where the fang entered, for the space of three-eighths of an 
inch, is of a dark-brown color. This evening at bed-time took mass hydrg., grs. 
v; pulv. doveri, grs. x. Continued potassii iodidi. Diet the same. 

Saturday, 21st. — Passed a restless night, the hand being filled with serum, and 
much troubled with cholic ; took magnesia calci and spts. mentha piperita. My 
bowels not being opened, took pulv Seidlitz, and was relieved. 

Monday, 22d. — Passed a comfortable night, the swelling having left my side 
and arm ; but little remains in the hand. Continued potassii iodidi. Low diet. 
I can now walk a few yards without nausea, and am able to sit up the most of 
the day. Diet, mutton broth and farina. 

Tuesday, 23d. — I awoke this morning feeling much improved, the swelling and 
pain having left, with the exception of the finger, the first and second joints of 
which do not present a healthy appearance, the palmar surface having much the 



ZUNl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 183 

appearance of gangreen ; but the discharge is thin and watery. I can detect no 
smell. The granulations do not present a healthy appearance ; they are rough, and 
many of them look as if they were sprinkled with yellow ochre. The nail is quite 
loose. Continued potassii iodidi. Diet, mutton broth, with a little of the meat. 

Wednesday, 21tk. — This day we commenced our march ; after going six miles, 
encamped. I placed my hand in a sling, and it was with the greatest difficulty I 
could manage the mule with one hand, being rather weak, and the animal rathfer 
obstinate. The sun was very hot ; this, with the jolting, caused me to suffer con- 
siderable pain. 

I removed the nail; from this time the finger gradually improved. Continued 
the poultice until the last of October, when I applied cerate simplex. In the 
mean time there was a large slough, which gradually came away and left the 
last phalanx exposed in two places. The granulations required occasionally the 
application of the nitrate of silver. Continued with my hand in a sling until 
about the middle of November. 

A new nail commenced growing, and a small sinus remained in the end of the 
finger ; upon the introduction of a probe into which, the bone could be felt quite 
rough. A discharge from this kept up until about the 7th of February, when I 
removed the exfoliation of the end of the last phalanx, showing evidently that 
the fang had entered the periosteum. Soon after this the sinus closed, leaving 
it in a deformed state, anchylosis having taken place in the first joint. The cir- 
culation is very imperfect, one of the arteries being destroyed, which renders it 
very susceptible to cold. The insertion of the flexor muscle is also destroyed. 

During the time we were at Zuni, and on our march, up to the 9th of October, 
there was but little complaining of any kind, excepting an occasional diarrhoea. 

From the 9th of October to the first of November, whilst we were on or about 
the San Francisco mountain, quite a number of cases of intermittent and bilious 
remittent fevers occurred ; this, however, lasted but a short time, and yielded 
readily to treatment. 

On Sunday, October 12, Enematio Valdez was struck in the head by a stone 
thrown by another Mexican during a dispute. When I was called, he had all the 
symptoms of concussion of the brain ; for which I treated him. On the following 
day he was quite rational, and on the succeeding was walking about camp appa- 
rently well and in good spirits. On the morning of the 15th, we moved camp 
about twelve miles ; he rode a mule ; the sun was quite warm ; made no com- 
plaint after getting into camp. 

On the morning of the 16th I was called to see him ; the thermometer then 
stood at 20° ; found him perfectly insensible and cold, having symptoms of com- 
pression of the brain. After rolling him in blankets and placing him near the 
fire, I bled him and applied the necessary remedies, which appeared to relieve 
him immediately. On the 17th he was apparently much better, and answered 
the questions put to him, but complained much of his head. On the following 
day he was again insensible and sinking fast, which he continued to do until the 
morning of the 20th, when he died. 

Having the use of but one hand, I was unable to make a post mortem exami- 
nation. The great extremes of heat and cold at this time, I think, hastened his 
death. 



184 REPORT OF AX EXPEDITION DOWN THE 

On Monday, November 3d, about noon, our guide, MnJLe*aux, was severely 
wounded by the Cojninos Indians. Two of the arrows, armed with stone heads, 
took effect ; one, striking him on the left side of the head, behind the ear, after 
cutting a groove in the occipital and temporal bone, broke in numerous pieces, 
all of which I removed without difficulty. The wound healed without any bad 
effects. The other entered the forearm, near the wrist-joint; the head was 
firmly imbedded in the radius. This I attempted to remove several times, by 
seizing it with my forceps, which slipped at each effort, bringiug away with them 
a small piece of the stone. I then cut down upon the stone and exposed it ; 
placing my forceps under one corner, made use of them as a lever, using my 
thumb as the fulcrum. I succeeded in moving it slightly, in doing which I bent 
my forceps, and raised a large blood-blister on my thumb. Having to use so 
much force, it was necessary to have recourse to a pair of tooth-forceps, and 
apply considerable force, before I was able to remove it, so firmly was it imbed- 
ded in the bone, which was not even splintered. This wound was very slow and 
sluggish in healing ; the pus following the course of the tendons, formed sinuses, 
which caused him to suffer considerable pain. 

About the 14th of November, quite a number of the party were seized with 
influenza. This I also observed among the Indians. 

On the 17th of November we were attacked by the Yumas Indians. One of 
the soldiers, by the name of Jones, was brought into camp in a dying condition, 
having received an arrow- wound in the elbow-joint, which I suppose sickened him ; 
then rushing upon him, and using their clubs freely about his head, they left him 
for dead. When brought into camp, he was insensible. I examined his wounds, 
but could not detect a fracture or depression of the scull. The scalp was torn 
loose in every direction, the face greatly swollen ; breathing sterterous, almost 
pulseless. After reaction had taken place, I bled him. His pulse rose, and 
breathing became more easy. He, however, remained insensible until the time 
of his death, which took place on the following morning about 8 o'clock. Two 
of the other soldiers were slightly wounded at the same time. 

The most of the party, from the 20th to the last of the mouth, were afflicted 
with diarrhoea, which was caused by the entire use of fresh mule-meat, without 
condiments of any kind; but few of the cases, however, required treatment. 

On our arrival at the mouth of the Gila river we were supplied with good 
provisions, together with antiscorbutics, which prevented scurvy, with which sev- 
eral of the party were already threatened. 

I am, sir, with much respect, your obedient servant, 

S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D., 
Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition. 

Brevet Captain L. Sitgreaves, 

U. S. Topographical Engineers, Washington. 



ZUftl AND COLORADO RIVERS. 



185 



Disease. 


Res 


ULT. 


Cured. 


Died. 


Intermittent fever - 


11 

7 
6 
17 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
3 
5 
2 
1 




Bilious remittent fever . . . . 




Dysentery . . 




Diarrhoea - 




Cholera morbus ...... .. . 




Cholic 




Intercostal rheumatism r ..., 

Catarrh 




Anasarca 




Parotitis 




Erysipelas 




Ferunculus 




Ophthalmia 




Rattlesnake bite. 




Gonorrhoea 




Syphilis , . ...... 








Orchitis 






1 


Arrow wound of head and forearm 


1 

1 
1 
1 








Arrow wound of hand 








Arrow wound of elbow-joint and concussion of the brain, with 


1 / 










69 


2 







LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



LANDSCAPES, ETC. 



Plate. Page. 

1. Buffalo dance, Pueblo of Zuni 5 

2. Zuni Indians, buffalo dance 5 

3. Zuni Indian women, buffalo daflce 5 

4. Indians weaving, Pueblo of Zuni 5 

5. Indian blacksmith shop, Pueblo of Zuni 5 

6. Women grinding corn, Pueblo of Zuni 5 

7. Sierra Mogollon, from near Camp 4 6 

8. Leroux Island, Little Colorado riyer, near Camp 4. 6 

9. Canon Peak, from Camp 7 7 

10. Valley of the Little Colorado river and San Francisco mountain, from 

near Camp 9 7 

11. Cascade of the Little Colorado river, near Camp 13 8 

12. Ruined Pueblos, between Camps 13 and 14 8 

13. View looking west, From Camp 16 19 

14. View of Canon, near Camp 39.... 19 

15. Juniperus pachyderma, Camp 19 12 

16. Yampai Indians 12 

17. Mountain Pass, near Camp 31 16 

18. First view of the Big Colorado river, from summit of mountain, between 

Camps31 and 32 16 

19. Cosnina Indians 15 

20. Mohave Indians, Big Colorado river, N. M 17 

21. On the Big Colorado river, near Camp 37 20 

22. Camp Yuma, Big Colorado, below the mouth of the Gila 20 

23. On the Big Colorado, near Camp 37, looking north 20 



188 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

MAMMALS. 
Plate. Page. 

1. Canis frastror, Woodhouse 46 

2. Hesperomys Texana, Woodhouse 48 

3. Perognathus penicillatus, Woodhouse 49 

4. Dipodomys Ordii, Woodhouse 50 

5. Geomys Mvus, Woodhouse 51 

6. Sciurus Abertii, Woodhouse 53 

BIRDS. 

1. Vireo atricapillus, Woodhouse 75 

2. Struthus caniceps, Woodhouse, male 83 

3. " " female 83 

4. Passerculus Cassinii, Woodhouse 85 

5. Ectopistes marginellus, Woodhouse 93 

6. Numenius occidentals, Woodhouse 98 

REPTILES. 

1. Sceloporus delecatissimus, Hall 109 

2. Sceloporus marmoratus, Hall 110 

3. Elgaria marginata, Hall 114 

4. Lamprosaurus guttulatus, Hall 113 

5. Crotaphytus fasciatus, Hall 115 

6. Homalosaurus ventralis, Hall 117 

7. Phrynosoma planiceps, Hall 124 

8. Phrynosoma orbiculare, Wieg 125 

9. Phrynosoma orbiculare, Wieg., (var.) 126 

10. Anota M'Calli, Hall 127 

10a. Pityophis affinis, Hall 130 

11. Psammophis flavigularis, Hall 131 

12. Leptophis taeniata, Hall 133 

13. Tropidonotus proximus, Say 134 

14. Tropidonotus Woodhousii, Hall 136 

15. Tropidonotus rhombifer, Hall 1 37 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 189 

Plate. Page. 

16. Tropidonotus transversus, Hall 138 

17. Tropidonotus parietalis, Say 139 

18. Crotalus Lecontei, Hall 139 

19. Bufo dorsalis, Hall 142 

20. Ambystoma nebulosum, Hall 143 

FISHES. 

1. Gila robusta, B. & G 148 

2. Gila elegans,B. & G - 150 

3. Gila gracilis, B. & G 151 

PLANTS. 

1. Stanleya integrifolia ., 156 

2. Vernonia Arkansana 176 

3. Bahia integrifolia 176 

4. Linosyris pulcbella 161 

5. Tessaria borealis 162 

6. Hymenothrix Wrightii 164 

7. Gilia longiflora 165 

8. Eriogonum alatum 168 

9. Eriogonum orthocladon 167 

10. Eriogonum effusum, /3 leptophyllum 168 

11. Eriogonum Pharnaceoides 167 

12. Eriogonum umbellatum 177 

13. Acanthochiton Wrigbtii 170 

14. Obione lentiformis 169 

15. Juglans rupestris 171 

16. Juglans rupestris, & 171 

17. Quercus oxyadenia 172 

18. Quercus Gambelii 172 

19. Quercus oblongifolia 173 

20. Pinusedulis 173 



190 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

MAP. 

Keeonnoissance of the Zuni, Little Colorado, and Colorado rivers, made in 
1851, under the direction of Col. J. J. Abert, chief of corps of Topographical 
Engineers, by Captain L. Sitgreaves, T. E., assisted by Lieut. J. G. Parke, T. 
E., and Mr. R. H. Kern. Drawn by E. H. Kern. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 
Letter of the Secretary of War 3 

Letter of Colonel J. J. Abert, Chief of Bureau Topographical Engineers. .. 4 

Report of Captain L. Sitgreaves 4 

Tables of distances and geographical positions 24 

Tables of meteorological observations » 25 

Report on the natural history of the country passed over by the exploring 
expedition under the command of Brevet Captain L. Sitgreaves, U. S. To- 
pographical Engineers, during the year 1851, by S. W. Woodhouse, M. D., 
surgeon and naturalist to the expedition 33 

Report on the Mammals collected during the expedition, by S. W. Wood- 
house, M. D 43 

Report on the Birds, by S. W. Woodhouse, M. D 58 

Report on the Reptiles, by Edward Hallo well, M. D 106 

Report on the Fishes, by S. F. Baird and Charles Girard 143 

Report on the Botany, by Professor John Torrey 153 

Medical report, by S. W. Woodhouse, M. D 179 

List of illustrations 187 

Table of contents 191 

Index of scientific names 193 



INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 



A> 

Page. 

Abies 173 

Abronia * 169 

Acacia ..*.- 158 

Acanthochiton 170 

Acauthylis 63, 64 

Accipiter 61 

Accipiter 59 

Acerates 164 

Achillea 164 

Actinella 163 

Agelaius 80 

Agriophyllum 170 

Aix 102 

Alauda 88 

Alcedo 65 

Algarobia 158 

Allionia 169 

Ambrosia 162 

Ainbystoma 143 

Aininodramus 86 

Amorpha 158 

Ampelis 68 

Ampelopsis 157 

Anacardiacese 157 

Anantherix 164 

Anas 101,102, 103, 104 

Aneraiopsis 170 

Anota 127 

Anser 101, 102 

Anser 102 

Antiloeapra 56 

Antilope 56 

Aplopappus 162 j 

Arctomys 52 

Ardea 97 

Ardea 96 

Artemisia 164 

Asclepiadacea? 164 

Asclepias 164 

Aster 161 

Astragalus 158 

Atriplex 169 

Athene 62 

13 



B. 

Page. 

Baccliaris 162 

Bahia 163 

Bartonia 159 

Bartramia 100 

Bassaris 45 

Batis 169 

Berberidaceee 155 

Berbers 155 

Bernicla 102 

Berula 160 

Bison 57 

Boraginacese 166 

Bos 57 

Bubo 62 

Bufo 142 

Buteo 59, 61 



Callipepla..: 95 

Campephilus 90 

Canis 45, 46 

Cantua 165 

Capparidacese 156 

Caprimulgus ., 63 

Caprimulgus * . 63 

Carduelis 82 

Carpodacus 88 

Castelleja 166 

Castor 47 

Cathartes 58 

Ceanothus 157 

Celeus 90 

Cedronella 167 

Centurus 91 

Centurus 89 

Cercocarpus 158 

Certhia 66 

Certhia 67, 69 

Cervus 55 

Ccrvas 56 

Ceryle 6o 



194 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Chaetura . 63 

Chalcophancs 78 

Charadrius 96 

Chaulelasmus 104 

Chauliodus 104 

Chondestes 86 

Chordeiles 63 

Chordeiles 63 

Chrysomitris 82 

Chrysothamnus 161 

Chrysopsis 162 

Clematis 155 

Cleome 156 

Circus 61 

Cirsium 164 

Coccoborus 8J 

Coccyzus 92 

Colaptes 91 

Columba.--- 92 

Columba 92 

Colynihus .- 104 

Compositse 161 

Condylura 43 

Coniferae 173 

Conurus 89 

Convolvulaceae 166 

Convolvulus 166 

Cotyle 65 

Cordylanthus 166 

Coreopsis 163 

Corispermmn 170 

Corvus 78 

Corvus 77 

Cosmidium . 163 

Cowania 159 

Crotalus 139 

Crotaphytus 115 

Croton 171 

Cruciferse 155 

Culicivora 67 

Cuculus 92 

Cupuliferse 172 

Cyanocitta 77 

Cyanocorax 77 

Cycloloma....; 169 

Cyrtonyx 94 



Dafila 103 

Datura 165 

Delphinium 155 

Dendrocopus .. . 89 

Didelphis 47 

Dieteria 161 



Page. 

Dipodomys 50 

Dithyrea 155 

Dolichonyx 81 

Dryocopus 90 

Dycotyles 55 

E. 

Echinospermuin 166 

Ectopistes 92, 93 

Elaphus 56 

Elgaria 114 

Emberiza.80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 

Ephedra 174 

Ephialtes 62 

Epilobium 159 

Erigeron 161 

Eriocarpum 162 

Eriodictyon 165 

Eriogonum 167 

Erythaca 68 

Eupatorium. 161 

Euphorbia 171 

Euphorbiaceae 171 

Euspiza 87 

Eustoma 164 

Eysenhardtia 158 

F. 

Falco 60 

Falco 58,59,60, 61 

Fallugia 159 

Felis 47 

Fouquieria 165 

Fouquieriacese 165 

Frangula 157 

Franseria 162 

Fremontia 169 

Fringilla .... 8 1 , 83, 84 , 85, 86, 87, 88 

Fulica 101 

Fuligula 104 

G. 

Gaillardea 163 

Gallopavo 93 

Garrulus 77 

Gaura 159 

Gentiana 164 

Geococcyx 92 

Geomys 50, 51 

Geraniacese 156 

Geranium 156 



INDEX. 



195 



Gila 148 

Gilia 164 

Glycyrhiza 158 

Gracula 78, 79 

Grossulacese 160 

Grus 96 

Guiraca .... 81 

Gutierriza 161 



H. 



Haliaetus 59 

Helianthella 163 

Heliauthus 163 

Helinaia - 72 

Heliomeris 163 

Helosciadium . ._ 160 

Hendecandra. . - 171 

Hesperomys 48 

Heucbera 160 

Hirundo 64, 65 

Hirundo 63, 65 

Homalosaurus 116, 117 

Homopappus 162 

Horkelia 159 

Hosackia 158 

Humulus 173 

Hydrolaceae 165 

Hymenopappus 163 

Hymenothrix 164 

Hypotriorcbis 60 

Hystrix... 54 



I. 



Ibis 98 

Icteria 73 



Ictinia 61 



J. 



Juglandaceae 171 

Juglans 171 

Juniperus 173 



K. 



Kallstroemeria 157 

Kochia 169 



L. 



Labiatae 166 

Lamprosaurus 112, 113 

Lamus 76, 77 



Larus 105 

Lathyrus 157 

Leguminosae 157 

Lepacbys 163 

Leptopbis 133 

Lepus 54 

Linum 156 

Linosyris 161 

Lisianthus. 164 

Litbospermum 166 

Loasaceae 159 

Lophopbanes 68, 69 

Lophortyx 95 

Lorautbaceae 160 

Loxia 81, 82 

Lupinus 158 

Lupus 45 

Lutra 44 



M. 



Machaerantbera 161 

Malvaceae 156 

Mareca 102 

Maurandia 166 

Melanerpes. 91 

Meleagris 93 

Mellisuga 65 

Mentba 167 

Mentzelia 159 

Mepbitis 44 

Merula 72 

Microptera 101 

Milvulus 73 

Milvus 61 

Mimus 72, 73 

Mniotilta 69 

Molotbrus 80 

Monarda 166 

Motacilla 67,68, 71 

Mus 48 

Mus 49, 50 

Muscicapa 67, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76 

Mustela 44 

Myiodioctes 70 



N. 



Nauclerus 60 

Nip/ma 83 

Numenius 9S 

Nyctaginaceae 169 

Nyctagina 169 

Nyroca 104 



196 



INDEX. 



Page. 



0. 



Obione 169 

(Enothera 159 

Onagracese 159 

Oriolus 78,79, 80 

Orpheus 73 

Orthocarpus 166 

Ortygometra. 101 

Ortyx 94 

Ortyx 94. 95 

Otocoris 88 

Ovis 56 

Oxybaphus 169 

Oxytropis 158 



P. 



Pandion 59 

Parus 68, 69 

Parus 68 

Passerculiis 85 

Passerella 82 

Passerina 87 

Pectidopsis 161 

Pectis 161 

Pelecanus 105 

Pendulinus 79 

Pentstemon 166 

Perdix 94 

Perognathus 49 

Peuccea 85 

Peucedanum 160 

Phaseolus 158 

Philceterea 165 

Philohela 101 

Phlox 165 

Phoradendron 160 

Photinia 159 

Phrynosoma... 118, 119, 122, 124, 125 

Pica 77 

Picus 89, 90 

Picus 90, 91 

Pinus 173 

Pipilo 81 

Pipra 73 

Pitylus 81 

Pityophis 130 

Platanaceee - 172 

Platamis 172 

Plectrophanes _ 88 

Plestiodoii - Ill 

Plotus 105 

Plumbaghiacese 167 

Podiceps •. 104 



Page. 

Podilymbus . . 104 

Polemoniaceae 164 

Polyborus 58 

Polygonacese 167 

Polygonum 167 

Polytmus 66 

Populus 172 

Porous 55 

Portulaca 156 

Portulacaceae 156 

Potentilla 159 

Procyon 44 

Psammopbis 131 

Psarocolius 80 

Pseudostoma 50 

Psittacus _ 89 

Psoralea 158 

Pterochiton '. 169 

Pterocyanea 103 

Ptilogonys 76 

Putorius - 44 

Pyranga 82 

Pyrgita 81 

Pyrocephalus 75 

Pyrrocoma 162 

Q. 

Quamoclidion 169 

Quamoclit , 166 

Quercus 172 

Querquedula 103 

Quiscalus.... 79 

R. 

Rallus 101 

Rallus 101 

Ranunculaceae 155 

Recurvirostra 100 

Regulus 67 

Rhaninaceae 157 

Rhus 157 

Ribes 160 

Riddellia 163 

Rosa 159 

Rosaceae 158 

S. 

fialicaceae 172 

Salix 172 

Salsola 169 

Salsolacese 169 



INDEX. 



197 



Page. 

Saltator 82 

Salvia 166 

Sanvitalia 163 

Sarcobatus 169 

Saururaceae 170 

Sazicola. ... 68 

Saxifragaceae 160 

Sceloporus 109, 110 

feciurus 52, 53 

Scolecopliagus 78 

Scolopax 99, 101 

Scops.. 62 

Scrophulariaceae 166 

Selasphorus - - 66 

Senecio - 164 

Seseli.. 160 

Sialia 68 

Sida 156 

Sidalcea 156 

Sitta 66 

Slum 160 

Solanaceae 165 

Solanum 165 

Solidago 161 

Sorex 43 

Spatula 104 

Spermopkilus 52 

Spheralcea 156 

Spiza 87 

Spizella 83 

Stanleya 156 

Statice 167 

Stephanomeria 164 

Streptanthus 155 

Strix 62, 63 

Strombocarpa 158 

Struthus 83 

Sturnella 78 

Sturnus 80 

Surnia _ 62 

Sus 55 

Sylvania 69, 70 

Sylvia 67,69,70,71, 72 

Sylvicola 70, 71 

Symphemia .- 99 

Syrnium 63 

T. 

Talinum 156 

Tanagra 82 

Tantalus 98 

Taurus 57 

Tessaria 162 

Tetrao 96 

Tetrao 94 



Page. 

Thalictruin.... 155 

Thelesperma 163 

Thelypodium 155 

Tinnuuculus 60 

Totanus 99 

Totanus 99, 100 

Townsendia , 161 

Trichas 71 

Trichophyllum 163 

Trifolium 158 

Tringa .- 100 

Tringa 99 

Tringoides 99, 100 

Tripolium ... 161 

Trochilus 65, 66 

Troglodytes 66, 67 

Tropidonotus 134 

Turdus... .. 72 

Turdus , 73 

Turritis 155 

Tyrannula 74 

Tyrannus 73 

U. 

Umbelliferae 160 

Ursus 43 

Ursus 44 

Urticaceae 173 

Verbena 167 

Verbenacese 167 

Vermivora 72 

Vesicaria 155 

Vespertilio 43 

Vicia 157 

Vireo 75, 76 

Viscum 160 

Vitaceae 157 

Vitis 157 

Viverra „ 44 

Vulpes 46 

Vulpes 44 

Vultur 58 

W. 

Wigandia 165 

X. 

Xanthomus 79 

Ximenesia 163 



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INDEX. 

Page. 



Y 



Yjjhantes 79 

Z 
Zinnia 163 



Page. 



Zonotrichia 84, 85 

Zonotrichia 82 

Zygophyllaceae 157 



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